IV. Brush up your grammar

A. Grammar Folio:

All Tenses Compared Все времена в сравнении

ACTIVE
Simple		Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Констатация факта		Процесс	Завершённость	Процесс в течение некоторого периода времени
P R E S E N T	V, V-s I write Я пишу (часто) He writes Он пишет (часто)	am, is are + V- ing I am writing Я пишу (сейчас) He is writing Он пишет (сейчас)	have, has + V3 I have written Я написал (уже, только что) He has written Он написал (уже, только что)	have, has + been +V- ing I have been writing Я пишу (уже час; с двух часов) He has been writing Он пишет уже час; с двух часов
P A S T	V2 I wrote Я писал (вчера) He wrote Он писал (вчера; два дня назад)	was, were + V- ing I was writing Я писал (вчера в два часа; когда он вошёл) We were writing Мы писали (вчера в два часа; когда он вошёл)	had + V3 I had written Я написал (вчера к трём часам; до того, как он пришёл) He had written Он написал (вчера к трём часам; до того, как он пришёл)	had been + V- ing I had been writing Я писал (уже два часа, когда он пришёл)
F U T U R E	will + V I will write Я буду писать (завтра) They will write Они будут писать (завтра)	will be + V- ing I will be writing Я буду писать (завтра в три часа) We will be writing Мы будем писать	will have + V3 I will have written Я напишу (завтра к трём часам) He will have written Он напишет (завтра к трём часам)	will have been + V- ing I will have been writing Я буду писать (завтра уже три часа, когда он придёт)

B. Exercises

1. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense-forms.

1. Business companies (to operate) for making a profit.

2. Right now goods (to move) from the plant to the marketplace.

3. Next year the factory (to produce) new office equipment.

4. The mechanic (to repair) your car (already).

5. When I came to see Ann and Sam, they (to discuss) plans for the future.

6. In 1903, at the age of forty, Henry Ford (to establish) the Ford Motor

Company.

7. Coca-Cola Company (to sell) soft drinks since 1886.

8. Tom (to start) his own business after he (to earn) enough money for it.

9. Call a bit later, please. The president (to have) business talks.

10. By the end of the week our firm (to pay) all taxes.

11. He felt very tired at 5.30 because he (to do) a lot of things by that time.

12. She (to learn) English for three years before she could speak fluently.

13. From 11 till 3 p.m. the secretary of our company (to type) a press-release

for the business.

14. Since the beginning of the year the company (to change) its distribution

channels.

15. A sale (to mean) the exchange of goods or services for money.

16. My boss (to leave) London by the time I got there.

17. Could you help me? I (to try) to translate this letter from a German client

and I don’t know what this word (to mean).

18. On my way to the office I remembered that I (to leave) the report at home.

19. In recent years, services (to become) an increasingly vital force because

economic prosperity ( to increase) the demand for services.

20. All the year one of my colleagues (to have) English lessons, because he

was going to work at one of our branches in Canada.

2. Choose the correct option

1. Lots of people (work / are working) in this factory.

2. We (wait / are waiting) for you. Hurry up!

3. India (is / was) a British colony a century ago.

4. What (did you do / were you doing) when I phoned you?

5. When (did you / have you) come back?

6. I (started / have started) learning Russian two months ago!

7. She (has just stared / just started) studying economics. She likes it.

8. We’re good partners. We (know / have known / have been knowing) each

other for many years.

9. McDonald’s (spend / is spending / has spent) $1.4 billion annually on

marketing, more than other company in the world.

10. In January 1988, sales ( were standing / have stood / stood) at $900

million.

11. At six o’clock yesterday I ( waited / was waiting / have waited) for you at

the office.

12. They (work / are working / have worked) in service business for the last

seven years.

13. I couldn’t recognize him because I (never saw / have never seen / had

never seen) him before.

14. We (already built / have already built / had already built) this plant by the

end of 2010.

15. The managers (discuss / are discussing / have been discussing) the

situation in the industrial sector for three hours.

16. Tom (meets / met / will meet) you at the station at two o’clock tomorrow.

3. Put the parts of the sentences into correct order.

1. toys and games / produces and sells / this company.

2. letters / an hour / typing / the secretary / for / was

3. morning / tomorrow / arrive / of the company / will / the president

4. all the examinations / my friends / had / I / successfully / knew / that /

passed

5. characteristics / a good or service / tangible and intangible / with /

satisfaction and benefits / provide / that / is / product

6. heard / 2003 / him / from / I / since / haven’t

7. of the year / French / to speak / by / had / the end / learnt / he

8. twenty / for / years / Tom / has / working / been / company / in / this

9. distribution center / at present / a new / setting up / we / are / France / in

10. image / comes / what / mind / to / your / hear / you / when / word / the /

business?

4. Give the comparative and the superlative degree of the following

adjectives and adverbs:

1) large, old, small, short, deep, few, new, high, low, poor, early, free, rich,

wealthy, clever, simple;

2) good, bad, little, many;

3) important, useful, valuable, effective, developed, difficult, reliable, popular;

4) wide-spread, well-known, kind-hearted, strong-willed, high-speed;

5) soon, often, effectively, successfully, far, much, well;