In other words

It's too hot for him to go jogging.

It isn't cool enough for him to go jogging.

It's so hot that he can't go jogging.

It's dangerous to exceed the speed limit.

Exceeding the speed limit is dangerous.

They allowed us to enter the room.

We were allowed to enter the room.

It took him two hours to reach London.

He took two hours to reach London.

Reaching London took him two hours.

She made him carry the bags.

He was made to carry the bags.

I prefer listening to music to dancing.

I prefer to listen to music rather than dance.

We were interested in the lecture.

We found the lecture interesting.

Could you do the washing?

Would you mind doing the washing?

He had difficulty (in) concentrating on his work.

It was difficult for him to concentrate on his work.

He could hardly concentrate on his work.

He found it difficult to concentrate on his work.

She let them use the spare room.

They were allowed to use the spare room.

Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

1. We were allowed to take our dog inside.

allowed They ...allowed us to take... our dog inside.

2. We found what she said shocking.

were We she said.

3. Going swimming after eating is dangerous.

go It is dangerous after eating.

4. Could you turn the volume up?

mind Would the volume up?

5. He prefers walking to riding a bicycle.

walk He prefers a bicycle.

6. It was difficult for her to understand what he was talking about.

difficulty She what he was talking about.

7. The box was too heavy for him to lift.

enough The box for him to lift.

8. The dress is so long that she can't wear it.

her The dress is wear.

9. They made him wait for an hour.

was He for an hour.

10. She could hardly do the exercises.

difficult She the exercises.

11. He made her promise that she would come back.

was She that she would come back.

12. The audience found the performance amusing.

were The audience the performance.

13. The film was so interesting that I saw it twice.

was I the film that I saw it twice.

14. It was difficult for him to understand the instructions.

hardly He the instructions.

15. Could you move a bit please?

mind Would a bit please?

16. The headmaster let the boys leave the school.

were The boys the school.

17. She prefers working to staying at home.

than She prefers ……………………………….at home.

18. They took three days to finish the project.

them It………………………………………………………………………………to finish the project.

Revision

Exercise 16

Read the article below and then decide which word or phrase (A-C) best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).

_{Death in the Air}

The death of Emma Christofferson from deep-vein thrombosis allegedly caused by a twenty-hour plane journey has led to calls for an enquiry into so-called 'economy class syndrome¹. The cabin crew were shocked (0)..B... the previously healthy 28-year-old in a state of collapse at the end of a long-haul flight from Australia to London. A blood clot had spread from her legs to her lungs with fatal results. Experts believe her death is just the latest example of the growing danger posed by (1)…..for extended periods of time in cramped aircraft seats.

Farol Khan, director of the Aviation Health Institute, (2)………to have evidence that more than 6,000 passengers a year die of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of long-haul flights. Unfortunately, as symptoms often take some time (3)……..the link between the condition and flying is not always apparent.

But there seems (4)…..a clear relationship between the occurrence of DVT and the steady reduction in the amount of legroom between seats in economy class cabins. In a bid (5)………..the number of passengers carried and their consequent profitability, many airlines have squeezed more and more seats into their planes, at the cost of comfort and legroom. And our (6)…….these uncomfortable conditions is simply based on the fact that we know more seats means lower prices. But with limited opportunities (7)…………or move around, the blood circulation in passengers' legs (8)….to slow down, and blood clots can easily develop. Most at risk are elderly people, sufferers from heart conditions and smokers. But as Emma Christofferson's case shows, even the young and healthy can do little to prevent blood clots (9) ... under these circumstances.

(10)……..a 'caring, sharing' image is something many airlines are keen on, and some of these have finally (11)……..to take the problem more seriously by issuing health advice to passengers 'trapped’ on their long-haul flights. They usually recommend (12)……the legs and feet regularly, and advise (13)…..walks up and down the aisle at least once an hour. But, as any experienced traveller knows, the aisles on most planes are only just wide enough for the trolleys (14)……..through. It is often impossible (15)……down the aisle (16)……….to the toilets, let alone (17) ..... exercise.

The truth is that until we are all prepared to (18) ... paying rock-bottom prices for long distance travel, the airlines will have no incentive (19)……conditions. And a return to exclusive and expensive air travel is something nobody would (20)………. advocating.

0 A finding	B to find	C to be found
1 A sitting	B to sit	C sit
2 A suggests	B admits	C claims
3 A appearing	B to appear	C having appeared
4 A being	B to be	C be
5 A increasing	B of increasing	C to increase
6 A putting up with	B put up with	C to put up with
7 A stretching	B to stretch	C stretch
8 A begins	B risks	C can’t help
9 A occurring	B to occur	C occur
10 A promoting	B to promote	C to be promoted
11 A suggests	B considered	C started
12 A moving	B to move	C move
13 A taking	B to take	C take
14 A getting	B to get	C get
15 A walking	B to walk	C walk
16 A getting	B to get	C get
17 A taking	B to take	C take
18 A give up	B fail	C refuse
19 A improving	B to improve	C improve
20 A undertake	B choose	C contemplate

Exercise 17

Complete the letter with suitable forms of words below.

ask attend be learn live bring buy cash cook fill in make open say see take wonder let write find know join

Dear Mum and Dad,

So, my first weек at university is over! No lectures this morning so I thought I'd drop you a line (0) to let you know how things are going.

l'm glad (1)………. that everything has worked out fine in the nail of

residence. I remembered (2)……. for a room as far away from the lifts as

possible (they really are noisy) and they found me a nice comfortable one on the

second floor. The rooms not very large and I was a bit shocked (3)…………..

that ten people have to share one bathroom! And it's a good thing you

recommended (4)……. my own portable TV set from home as the one in the

TV lounge is permanently tuned to the sports channel. There's also a little

kitchenette on our corridor, so if I feel like (5)……….. something for myself

rather than eating in the canteen then that's no problem.

I think (6)…………. in a place like this is going to be a lot of fun. There are

two other girls from my course here and I plan (7)……….friends with them

so that we can help each other with the course work. Everyone else seems very nice.

As Monday was the first day it was devoted to administration, which involved

(8)………. lots of forms. I got my student I.D. card and the timetable for

this term. I've got a personal tutor and he's arranged (9)……….. me next

week. The course coordinator persuaded me (10)………… some extra courses

which should be interesting. On Tuesday I managed (11)………… a bank

account and I deposited my student loan cheque. I tried (12)……….the

cheque but the bank said I will have to wait for it to clear. So I’ll have to delay (13)…… books and things until next week.

My first few lectures proved (14)………………. really fascinating. The lecturers really seem (15)……….. what they are talking about. Still, there's a lot of work to do and I can't help (16)…………. if ill be able to keep up with it all, especially with all the distractions here. There are so many clubs and societies, it's incredible. I'm hoping (17)…… the parachuting club, I've

always fancied [18)……………………. how to do that!

Well, I'd better stop now, I'm going (19)………………… my first seminar this afternoon, so I've got some preparation to do.

Anyway, I promise (20)……….. aqain soon,

love to everyone,

Charlotte

Exercise 18

Use infinitive and/or participle phrases to rewrite this extract from a TV listings magazine in a more natural way. The parts you need to change are underlined. You may need to change the order of some words. The first phrase has been done for you.

Movie of the week

The Godfather

It dates from 1971 and was directed by Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather won three Oscars.

The film lasts almost three hours and is Shakespearean in its scope and ambition. It is the story of a New York mafia family which is headed by Marlon Brando as 'the Godfather'.

Although Brando has the title role it is Al Pacino, who plays his troubled son and heir Michael, who steals the show in a masterly performance. As he struggles to reconcile his distaste for crime and brutality with his sense of family honour and duty, Pacino's character embodies the moral dilemma at the heart of the movie.

The director intersperses long scenes of family life with shorter sequences of extreme violence in order to achieve his aim of taking the audience on an emotional rollercoaster ride. Because it was shot in explicit detail, this violence may shock some viewers. But anyone who is prepared to put up with this will enjoy a unique dramatic experience. In fact, for many people The Godfather is the greatest American film which had been made in the 1970s.

Exercise 19

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. This word must not be altered in any way. There is an example (0).

0 The first person that arrives in the office in the mornings is usually Gary.

to Gary is usually the first person to arrive. in the office in the mornings.

1 Martin is always a great asset at any party because he is so charming.

being always a great asset at any party.

2 I took a short computing course following my graduation from college.

having a short computing course.

3 Celia's major regret is that she had never made more of her musical abilities.

to her musical abilities is Celia's major regret.

4 As she threw open the French windows Mary said 'There's nothing like fresh air!'

throwing 'There's nothing like fresh air!' the French windows.

5 The company launched an advertising campaign with the aim of increasing its market share.

to The company its market share.

6 Finding the old house in such a derelict state came as a great shock.

find It came as in such a derelict state.

7 Frankly, I don't think my clients will ever agree to those prices.

frank I don't think my clients will ever agree

8 The shrubs should grow well if you plant them in a sunny spot.

planted should grow well.

9 They will probably sell the ground floor flat first.

be They expect the ground floor flat

10 My brother is having a lot of trouble finding a decent job as he hasn't had the benefit of a college education.

having a college education, my brother is having a lot of trouble finding a job.

11 Sophie was a demanding boss because she was such a perfectionist.

being was a demanding boss.

12 The town hall was one of the few buildings that wasn't destroyed in the earthquake.

been The town hall was one of the few in the earthquake.

Exercise 20

Translate the sentences into English, using the gerund where possible

1.После завтрака мистер Уордль поинтеросовался у своих гостей, имеют ли они что-нибудь против того, чтобы покататься на коньках. Погода была прекрасная и времени у них было достаточно. 2. Все охотно согласились, и дамы стали просить мистера Уинкля присоединиться к ним. Они были уверены, что он великолепный спортсмен, так как он никогда не упускал случая похвастаться своим искусством. 3. Но мистер Уинкль сказал, что он давно не практиковался: ему не улыбалась мысль показать в присутствии дам, что он не умеет кататься на коньках. 4. Дамы стали настаивать, чтобы он пошел с ними и показал им свое искусство. 5. Было бесполезно говорить, что у него нет коньков: ему тотчас же предложили несколько пар. 6. После этого мистер Уинкль не мог не пойти на каток. 7. Когда они подошли к озеру, мистер Боб Сойер надел коньки и стал описывать круги ( tomakecircles) на льду, не останавливаясь ни на минуту, чтобы перевести дыхание. 8. Бедный мистер Уинкль постоял несколько минут с коньками в руках и, не зная, как их надеть, стал привинчивать их острыми концами назад (withthepointsbehind). 9. Наконец коньки были надеты. Прежде чем подняться на ноги, мистер Уинкль попросил Сэма помочь ему. 10. Он начал с того, что заметил, что очень скользко: он не мог даже стоять на льду, если кто-нибудь не поддерживал его. 11. Вдруг мистер Пиквик, не зная, что его молодой друг не может стоять на льду без посторонней помощи, позвал Сэма с другого берега озера. 12. Сэм мог вырваться из рук мистера Уинкля (todisengageoneselffromsb'sgrasp), только оттолкнув его от себя. 13. Несчастный мистер Уинкль упал и сидел на льду, даже не делая попытки подняться. 14. Мистер Пиквик был возмущен тем, что его друг говорил всем, что он хороший спортсмен. 15. Он выразил свое негодование тем, что назвал мистера Уинкля хвастуном и обманщиком.

Exercise 21

Translate the sentences into English, using the infinitive where possible

1.Было известно, что мистер Осборн обязан своим богатством мистеру Сэдли. 2. Мистер Осборн хотел, чтобы его сын женился на Эмили, отец которой был очень богат. 3. Когда мистер Сэдли разорился, мистер Осбор приказал, чтобы его имя никогда не упоминалось в его доме. 4. Он жалел, что разрешал сыну ухаживать за Эмили, и прказал ему забыть ее. 5. Он не мог допустить. Чтобы его сын женился на девушке, у которой не было ни связей, ни состояния. 6. Осборны случайно познакомились с богатой наследницей, и отец решил, что было бы хорошо, если бы Джордж женился на на ней. 7. Его дочери делали все, что могли, чтобы заставить Джорджа забыть Эмили. 8. С утра до ночи они говорили о достоинствах и талантах мисс Роды. 9. Они уговаривали брата жениться на ней и не уставали повторять, что он будет счастлив, женившись на ней. 10. Мисс Рода считала Джорджа очень милым молодым человеком и ей очень хотелось, чтобы он женился на ней. 11. Однажды Рода пела любимую песенку Эмили и ожидала, что Джордж попросит повторит ее песню. 12. Вдруг Рода увидела, что на обложке нот написано имя Эмили. 13. Она не знала, что это было имя, которое запрещено произносить в доме Осборнов и попросила девушек рассказать ей все, что они знали об Эмили. 14. Испуганные девицы закричали, что лучше бы ей не упоминать не упоминать этого имени. Ее отец опозорил себя и всю семью. 15. Когда Джордж услышал, что его сестры плохо отзываются об Эмили (tospeakillofsb), он пришел в негодование и сказал, что она самая красивая и добрая девушка во всей Англии. 16. Он не заметил, что мистер Осборн вошел в комнату. 17. Старик был очень недоволен тем, что Джордж ослушался его приказания. 18. За обедом он много пил и с нетерпением ждал, когда дамы уйдут из комнаты. 19. Джордж открыл дамам дверь и, вернувшись к столу, сказал, что его сестры первые заговорили об Эмили. 20. Мистер Осборн велел сыну порвать с Эмили, так как мисс Сварц была той девушкой на которой Джорджу следовало жениться. 21. По мнению старика, восемь тысяч фунтов была слишком большая сумма, чтобы отказаться от нее. 22. Джордж ответил, что лучше останется холостяком, чем женится на мисс Сварц. 23. Старик пришел в ярость и закричал, что лишит сына наследства (todisinhetrit). Он был убежден, что, зная это, Джордж вряд ли ослушается его.

Exersise 22

Translate the following sentences using active grammar and vocabulary

1. Я соглашусь на перевод, если он подразумеваетповышение моего профессионального уровня.

2. В данной ситуации получить зачет значит для меня очень много.

3. Ожидается, что в следующем июле будет зачислено4000 студентов.

4. Мы сожалеем о том, что предпочли профессиональное обучениевысшему образованию.

5. Для моих студентов самым важным на данный момент является овладение элементарными навыками в бухгалтерии.

6. Я буду сомневаться по поводу продолжения моего обучения, если родители согласятся заплатить за него.

7. Большинство студентов предпочли бы дополнительные занятия обязательным семинарам по интересующим их темам.

8. Я с сожалением сообщаю вам, что мы вынуждены прибегнуть к исключениювашего сына.

9. Мы приветствуем открытый доступк нашим материалам.

10. Я был первым, кто извлек пользу изполученной информации.

11. Он оказался известным на весь мир ученым.

12. Наша основная задача – внушить уверенность в наших студентов.

13. Он, к сожалению, бросил обучение в сочетании с работой.

14. Нам требуется улучшить успеваемостьнаших студентов.