4 The complex subject

(the Nominative-with-the-lnfinitive)

The Complex Subject consists of a noun/pronoun (in the nominative case) and the infinitive. It is considered to be the subject of the sentence, its Russian equivalent is in most cases a subordinate clause.

Laser is known to be used in medicine.

Известно, что лазер широко используется в медицине.

The Complex Subject is used with:

1. the following groups of verbs in the Passive:

• denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, to notice, etc

The car was seen to disappear in the distance.

Видели, как машина скрылась вдали.

She was heard to laugh heartily.

Слышно было, как она весело смеялась.

• denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to believe, to expect, to suppose, to know, etc.

He was thought to be honest and kind.

Его считали честным и добрым человеком. (Считали, что он…)

• the verbs: to say, to report, to order, to ask, to allow, to state, to announce.

She is said to be working in a bank.

Говорят, что она сейчас работает в банке.

The delegation is reported to have arrived.

Сообщается, что делегация уже прибыла.

2. word groups: to be likely (вероятно), to be unlikely (маловероятно, вряд ли), to be certain/to be sure (несомненно, обязательно, бесспорно, непременно).

3. pairs of synonyms: to see/to appear (казаться, по-видимому), to prove/to turn out (оказывается), to happen/to chance

(случаться).

Neqative forms:

don't seem

doesn't prove + infinitive

didn't happen

is/are not likely + infinitive

He doesn’t seem to know this subject.

Он, кажется, не знает этого предмета.

He didn’t prove to be a very experienced doctor.

Он оказался не очень опытным доктором.

He didn’t happen to be there at that time.

Случилось так, что его не было там в это время.

He is not likely to come today.

Он, вероятно, не придет сегодня.

Notes:

1. The Infinitive in the Complex Subject is used in all its forms and expresses:

a) a simultaneous action

He is said to live in London.

Говорят, что он живет в Лондоне.

b) an action in progress

The water seems to be boiling.

Кажется, вода кипит.

c) an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb

They are reported to have finished the construction.

Сообщают, что они уже закончили строительство.

2. The infinitive in sentences with the Complex Subject cannot refer to the future except with the verbs and word-groups: to expect, to be sure/certain, to be likely.

We are sure to come to the heart of the matter

Мы обязательно доберемся до сути дела.

He is expected to give us an answer tomorrow.

Ожидают, что он даст нам ответ завтра.

3. If the verbs to prove, to seem/to appear (выглядеть, производить впечатление) are followed by adjectives or nouns, the verb to be after them can be omitted.

She proved (to be) very clever.

Она казалась очень умной.

He seems ill.

Он выглядит больным.

He appears an experienced teacher.

Он производит впечатление опытного преподавателя.

Compare:

He seems ill.

Он выглядит больным.

He seems to be ill.

Он, кажется, болен.

After the verbs in the Passive Voice the Complex Subject is more characteristic of a literary than a colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make.

Practice

Exercise 1

Paraphrase the sentences using a Complex Subject

1. The doctor considered the patient to be fit to travel.

2. We considered that the problem had been settled already.

3. They believe that he has saved enough money to buy the house.

4. We never expected him to be easy to talk to.

5. Oliver heard the side gate open and saw John walking up the garden.

6. Everybody knows that he has poor taste in clothes.

7. Nobody expected the weather to change for the better.

8. I heard him say these words with much feeling.

9. Everybody expected Dr. Wilson to be appointed director of the institute.

10. It is considered that big industries are responsible for a great deal of pollution.

11.It is said that the firm will employ some more people at the beginning of the month.

12. She saw him turn red for no reason at all.

Exercise 2

Paraphrase the sentences using a Complex Subject

1. It was announced that the clerks employed by the firm should be particular about clothes.

2. Mr. Steinberg supposed that the mail had been delivered at noon.

3. They report that the matter has been dealt with satisfactorily.

4. It is reported that an agreement was reached and the contract was signed.

5. It is reported that the manager appointed an assistant to run the department.

6. It was supposed that they spend the whole day in the open air.

7. It is announced that the price of tin at the Stock Exchange had increased sharply.

8. It is announced that this mine is the best in the district.

9. It is supposed that two new artificial substitutes for sugar will produce unexpected commercial competition.

10. It is reported that the automobile show had already been closed.

11. It was reported that the automobile show had already been closed.

12. It is supposed that this picture may be a fake.

Exercise 3

Paraphrase the sentences using a Complex Subject

1. It seems that he doesn’t know what love means.

2. Then I caught sight of the far side of the square. It seemed that she was saying good-bye to someone.

3. It seems that he has been employed here for years.

4. It appears that the jacket was too loose for Danny.

5. Shortly after he left it turned out that he had risked his life more than once.

6. Apparently they’ve known each other for years.

7. It so happened that she didn’t hear the telephone because she was reading an interesting book.

8. It seemed that he didn’t understand what all the fuss was about.

9. Apparently only exercise always keeps you fit and it turns out that it does much more than a nice diet.

10. It seems that the delay didn’t affect him in any way.

11. It happened that he was at home at the time.

12. It turned out that Rosemary was not fit for the job.

Exercise 4

Paraphrase the sentences using a Complex Subject

1. He will certainly pay off his debts before leaving for Brazil.

2. It is certain that fresh air and exercise will make us sleep well.

3. She is sure that they have checked the facts and established the truth.

4. He was so helpless. It was unlikely that he would do without their help.

5. I am quite sure that she has been caught in a traffic jam. She will be here in no time.

6. We were certain he would show more concern about his friend's troubles in future.

7. He is a person of keen intelligence, it is most likely that he has been elected chairman of the Committee.

8. I'm sure that he hasn't betrayed your secret to anyone. He is not the person to do such a thing.

9. It's unlikely that they will object to your arrangement. It'll suit them all right.

10. She was sure that Mother would let her buy a dress to her own taste.

11. It was likely that the suit had been made to measure. It fitted him like a glove.

12. You needn't be anxious about how he'll do there. I'm sure that he'll pick up friends there.

Revision

Exercise 5

Use the appropriate form of the Infinitive and translate the sentences.

1. It seemed (snow) in the room. The floor, the chairs, the desk were covered with pieces of torn paper.

2. The cat seems (miss) for about three weeks.

3. Dick considered her suggestion and appeared (find) it acceptable.

4. That woman is still sitting. She seems (wait) for an hour.

5. He was heard (say) that it would rain and ordered to shut the door to the balcony.

6. He is said (offer) them his services.

7. A cannibal is reported (eat) his mother-in-law, father-in-law and two sisters-in-law. We can say he lives on his wife's relations.

8. When our parents were driven out of Paradise, Adam is believed (remark) to Eve: "My dear, we live in an age of transition".

9. They both knew that her marriage was supposed (be) a happy one.

10. The book was believed (lose) until librarian happened (find) it. It turned out (misplace).

11. We seem (fly) over the sea for quite a time and there is no land (see).

12. The ring was believed (lose) until she happened (find) it while cleaning the house. It turned out (drop) behind the sofa.

13. The enemy was reported (overthrow) the defense and (advance) towards the city.

14. They are supposed (work) at the problem for the last two months.

15. The man seemed (study) me and I felt uneasy in his presence.

16. He is sure (be) beside himself with joy when he learns the results of the competition.

17. Her mood seems (change) for the worse. We’d better not (speak) to her now.

18. ‘He appears (sleep), my lady’, said the butler.

19. They are supposed (experiment) in this field for about a year and are believed (achieve) good results.

20. The cargo does not seem (damage) by the storm.

21. There was a rumour that at last they were likely (get married).

22. The parties are reported (consider) the question of extending the agreement for 6 months.

23. The party’s deputy leader was reported (anger) by these decisions.

24. The Government’s housing and inner city policy is unlikely (help) the badly housed, the poor and the black.

Exercise 7

Translate the sentences into English, using

1.Известно, что эти государства вместе работаютнад несколькими космическими проектами. 2. Новые телекомпании, видимо, полностьюиспользуютвозможности спутниковой связи. 3. Новый фильм этого режиссера оказался полондостоинств. 4. Наше отношение к браку с большой вероятностьюотражаетрелигиозные и нравственные ценности. 5. Говорят, что Супермен и Бэтмен стали частьюмассовой культуры. 6. Полагают, что стрессовая ситуация на работе создаетпорочный круг. 7. Оказалось, что курортный городок предоставлял большой выборразвлечений. 8.Считают, что новый сотрудник привнес в компанию финансовыйопыт (компетентность). 9. Сбалансированная диета несомненноспособствуетхорошему здоровью. 10. Казалось, очень скоро они были полностьюпоглощеныновым проектом. 11. Сообщалось, что малые предприятия в этом районепроцветают. 12. Казалось, многие в компании были озадачены скоростью техническихнововведений. 13.Ожидется, что версия компьютерной игры будет выпущенав конце года. 14. Новая программа социального развития оказаласьпопулярнойу населения. 15. Полагают, что стандарты образования в последнее десятилетие находятся в упадке. 16. Случилось так, что его громкий голосдоминировалв разговоре. 17. Видимо, новая инициатива руководства былаотвергнутарядовыми сотрудниками.

5 Verb + preposition

Verb + preposition

• Here is a list of verbs and the prepositions normally used with them;

apply for concentrate on insist on refer to

approve of consist of know about rely on

believe in cooperate with lead to specialise in

belong to decide on listen to suffer from

benefit from depend on object to sympathise with

compete against focus on pay for take care of

comply with hope for qualify for wait for

I've applied for a new job. Can you take care of the office while I'm out?

European stocks may advance, led by phone companies including Nokia and Ericsson that will benefit from rising sales of mobile phones that can access the Internet. (Bloomberg.com website)

The new economy is focused on knowledge and technology. (The Straights Times Interactive

website)

Regulators seem to understand the need for banks to merge and don't often object to these huge deals. (Business Week website)

• Some of the verbs above can be used without preposition + object.

/ hope/know/insist. It depends. I've decided. I'm listening/waiting.

Others must have a preposition + object.

The process consists of four main stages. It belongs to me.

I'm relying on you for your support. This will lead to a lot of problems

• In questions the preposition usually goes at the end.

Who does this belong to? What does it consist of? Who are you waiting for?

Verb + object + preposition

• With some verbs the object comes before the preposition. Here are some common examples

add something to ask someone about/for blame someone for borrow something from compare something with/to congratulate someone on divide something into

explain something to inform someone about/of insure something against invest something in invite someone to protect someone from prevent someone from

share something with spend something on split something into supply someone with tell someone about thank someone for translate something into

Can they insure us against fire risk? We've spent $2m on advertising this year.

Nobody in Russia is prepared to invest money in production. (Le Monde Diplomatique website)

Oracle chairman Larry Ellison has offered a solution to what he sees as Microsoft's monopoly: 'They should split the company into two and let [Microsoft president] Steve Ballmer run one company and let Bill Gates run the other' (Wired magazine website)

With remind there is a difference in meaning between about and of. Gillian reminded me about the appointment. (= she told me not to forget) Gillian reminds me of my sister. (= she is like my sister)

Verb + different prepositions

• Some verbs can go with several different prepositions.

agree to/with/about They agreed to give us better terms of payment.

OK, I agree with you about the need for cutting costs.

apologise to/for ask for/about

complain to/about

hear about/from/of

learn about/from

look at/for

result from/in talk to/about think of/about

I must apologise to Susan for my awful behaviour last night.

Shall we ask for the bill?

Ask the waiter about the dish of the day.

I'm going to complain to the manager about the service in here.

I heard about the news from a colleague of mine.

I've never heard of that company - they're not very well-known.

I learnt a lot about insurance from my last job.

Look at this!

Can you help me - I'm looking for meeting room 3.

result from/in This problem results from bad planning, and it will result in chaos.

talk to/about I need to talk to you about the new construction project.

think of/about What did you think of the meeting? What are you thinking about?'

write to/about They've written to us to complain about our poor service

Uses of different prepositions

• Some prepositions are used to introduce particular kinds of information. Knowing this can help you to understand some of the differences in the previous section.

about often introduces the subject matter

at often shows direction

for often shows purpose or reason

from often shows the origin of something

on often shows confidence or certainty

to often refers to a person

Do you know about EU regulations in this area? We're thinking about changing our advertising slogan.

I'm looking at your order details on the screen right now. I hate it when my boss shouts at me.

I must apologise for being late. I've asked the waiter for the bill.

I haven't heard from them for a long time. This problem results from bad planning.

Can we agree on a discount of 5%?

We're depending on you to finish the job by Friday.

to often refers to a person Could you explain this clause to me, please? I don’t think he was listening to me.

Practice

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences with a word from list A and a word from list B.

A: approve depend know lead believe suffer sympathise wait

B: about for from in of on to

1. I really sympathise with. your problem, but there's not a lot I can do.

2. Positive thinking is so important. You really have to yourself.

3. I'll you outside.

4. What you're saying can only one possible conclusion.

5. Of course the size of our order will the price.

6. Your CV is strong in most areas, but what do you marketing?

7. Imports always the effects of a strong dollar.

8. I always have to look smart - my boss doesn't informal clothes.

Exercise 2

Underline the correct word.

1. I think we should ask them for/about/with more information.

2. Can you supply us for /about/with enough parts for 5,000 vehicles?

3. You remind me about/of/for someone I know.

4. If I forget, remind me about/of/for it again at the end of the meeting.

5. The management blamed the union against/from/for causing the strike.

6. I'm writing to inform you for/about/on our new range of products.

7. We might have to split the order for/in/into two separate shipments.

8. Can you thank Mr Mateus about/for/with all his help?

9. I'd like to congratulate Patricia on/for/about winning Employee of the Month.

10. This safety feature prevents the operative against/from/with suffering any injury.

11. This year we'll be investing more than £4m on/in/to plant and new machinery.

12. This year we'll be spending more than £4rn on/in/to plant and new machinery.

Exercise 3

Complete these sentences with prepositions. Choose from: about, at for, from, in, to, of or with.

1. I'm writing to..all our customers ..About offers this month on selected models.

2. Who was George talking ? And what exactly was he talking ?

3. Have you heard anything Head Office? They said they'd decide this week.

4. Who's Giuseppe Saponi? I've never heard.. him.

5. Do you like the new design? What do you think… it?

6. Do you agree me this?

7. The improved sales figures result all the investments we made last year.

8. The investments we're making now should result… better sales next year.

9. I must apologise not contacting you earlier, but I've been very busy.

10. I'd like to complain the manager the food.

11. Make sure you look the small print before you sign anything.

12 Unless their quality improves, we'll have to look… a new supplier.

Exercise 4

Complete the sentences with one word from list A and one word from list B.

A: agreed apologised apply belong comply explain heard hoping insist listen pay qualify rely remind

B: about on on from with with to to to for for for for for

1. You can pay for... the goods in twelve monthly instalments.

2. Excuse me, but does this umbrella you?

3. The first thing is to the client to find out their needs.

4. I asked my lawyer to the contract me.

5. Everybody the decision. It was unanimous.

6. There's a new job in R&D. I wonder if Chris is going to it.

7. Jill is a good team member. You can always her in a crisis.

8. They've the delay and said that the items are in the post.

9. I'm certain to forget me it nearer the time.

10. It's been a disappointing year. We're better results soon.

11. Have you ……….. Jackie recently? She hasn't written for ages.

12. Does this product European safety standards?

13. No, no, I …….. paying. You're my guest.

14. If we build the factory in that area we'll a regional aid grant.

Exercise 5

Complete each sentence with one suitable preposition.

1. I really prefer just about anything ...to watching television.

2. This year's conference coincided two other major

conventions.

3. Is it possible to insure my bike theft?

4. The problem stems the government's lack of action.

5. When I asked Jean, she hinted the chance of a promotion for

me.

f) Being rich doesn't count much on a desert island.

g) I pleaded John to change his mind, but he wouldn't listen.

h) I can't stand the way she is always boasting her wealthy

parents.

i) My grandfather is always confusing Madonna Maradona.

j) Could you please refrain smoking in the lecture hall.

Exercise 6

Complete the text with one suitable verb in each space.

I had a difficult time last year with my health. For several months I was

(1) .suffering.... from periodic headaches and almost constant nausea. I made

several visits to my GP, who (2) my headaches to migraine and

(3) me with medication. When this failed to work he

(4) on my nausea as the root cause, (5) my

headaches on the nausea. I was (6) to five blood tests, none of

which revealed anything significant. I (7) my diet with the

doctor at length, and we tried eliminating certain foods from my meals. He

(8) , for example, I might (9) from a low-fibre diet.

But still the symptoms persisted, and I was starting to (10) myself

to feeling ill for the rest of my life. I was understandably concerned about the possibility of it being something serious, even a brain tumour, but the doctor

said that my anxiety in this respect (11) from nervous tension

and stress. After six months I was (12) to a consultant at the

hospital, who (13) in stomach disorders. She said that, even

(14) for my age and stressful lifestyle, it was still abnormal to

experience symptoms like these for so long. She (15) on all the

possible causes of nausea in detail, and suggested that in my case the nausea might be the result of a liver disorder.

Exercise 7

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

a) Peter always trusts me with his secrets. in

Peter .always confides in. me.

b) A true story forms the basis of Mary's new novel. on

Mary's new novel a true story.

c) I thought it was marvellous that Jane could jump so high, at

I to jump so high.

d) A lot of people were packed on to the bus. with

The bus people.

e) You were in my dreams last night. about

I last night.

f) Danny was asked to leave the school for bad behaviour. from

Danny was for bad behaviour.

g) This house makes me think of my own home! of

This house my own home.

h) Tina rewrote the French book in Spanish.

from

Tina into Spanish.

i) Christmas and roast turkey go together in my mind.

with

Christmas roast turkey in my mind.

j) I think a rest would do you good.

from

I think you…………………………………………………………………. a rest

Exercise 8

Complete the text with a suitable preposition in each space.

It never ceases to amaze me how little notice some people now take (1) …….of…….rules in public places. When I was a child, it would never have occurred to me not to comply (2) ……….. the rules. Is someone smoked in defiance of a ‘No Smoking’ sign on a train, they would rapidly be reminded (3) ……..

Their transgression by several irate passengers, who would refer the errant smoker (4) …………… the sign in no uncertain terms. What’s more, the person accused would normally apologise (5) ……….. his indiscretion, and would certainly refrain (6) …….. repeating his anti-social brehaviour. These days reminding someone (7) ……….their public duty not to drop litter or swear on the streets is likely to succeed only (8)………..unleashing a torrent of verbal abuse (9) …….the wrongdoer. Many people seem blithely unaware that, for example, the ‘silence in the library’ rule applies (10) ………. them, as much as to anyone else. Asking them is not enough, pleading (11) ……… them might still not deter them (12) ………………..their noisy chat, resorting (13) …….. physical violence, an undesirable option, seems the only one likely to get a result. But, in all seriousness, what really annoys me is that one is made to feel churlish or old-fashioned just to insist (14) ………. basic respect of everyday manners. Truly, it seems polite behaviour and good manners count (15) …………… nothing in today’s society.

Revision

Exercise 9

Put one word in each space.

1. The idea of marriage does not appeal to me.

2. We ………………..in finding Ann’s house at the second attempt.

3. However poor I was I would not ……………..to stealing.

4. Have you …………………..for the wind speed in your calculations?

5. He confessed when he was ………….with the evidence.

6. You need to ………..yourself more to your work.

7. Alan ……………………………..himself on his punctuality.

8. I was ……………from doing my work by the music.

9. I ……………for breaking your electric drill.

10. Tina …………….. for everyone’s lunch yesterday, as she’d just won some money on the lottery.

Exercise 10

Complete the emails with the correct prepositions. The second number in each bracket shows the number of letters in the word.

Dear sirs

I've just been looking (1-2) at your website and comparing your on-line banking facilities (2-4) your

competitors. There's a few things I'd like to ask you (3-5) ……………………………………….

a) If I want to borrow money (4-4) you, how much will I pay (5-3) the loan? I assume that your

cheaper operating costs will result (6-2) a lower interest rate than a normal bank.

b) I see that if I open an account this month I qualify (7-3) a credit card with special payment terms. Do you offer insurance (8-7) on-line fraud with this card to protect card-holders (9-4) hackers who might steal the number)?

I look forward to hearing (10-4) you. Thank you.

Dear Mr Carey

Thank you (11-3) your recent email and I apologise (12-3) taking so long to reply.

Here is the information you requested.

a) You can rely (13-2) the fact that our interest rates are very competitive, but I cannot give exact figures as it depends (14-2) the amount you want to borrow. I invite you (15-2) check the table on our website

for this information. I can assure you that we deal with the process very quickly - after applying (16-3) the loan

you shouldn't have to wait more than a few days before hearing (17-4) us.

b) Yes, as soon as you inform us (18-5) any possible fraud associated with your card we take care

(19-2) everything and refund any money that you have lost. In relation to our own customer accounts, we do everything necessary to prevent hackers (20-4) entering the system, and have invested heavily

(21-2) this area over recent years.

I hope this answers your questions. Please do not hesitate to contact us again if you think (22-2) anything else.

Exercise 11

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. When he has to face a crisis, Tony panics. (faced)

Tony panics when faced with a crisis

2. Collecting stamps gives me a lot of pleasure. (derive)

I……………………………….collecting stamps.

3. The arrested man did not look the same as the wanted man. (answer)

The arrested man did not ……………………………………the wanted man.

4. The facts of the case were familiar to the lawyer.(acquainted)

The lawyer ……………………………………..the facts of the case.

5. The deaths of over fifty people were caused by the storm. (resulted)

The storm …………………………… killed.

6. We have given winter equipment to all the soldiers. (provided)

All the soldiers ……………………………winter equipment.

7. It’s just our luck that the funeral is at the same time as our holiday in Crete.(coincide)

It’s just our luck that ………………………………………… in Crete.

8. You haven’t really explained exactly how the money disappeared. (account)

Your explanation ……………………….. of the money.

9. An ancient philosopher is supposed to have said these words. (attributed)

These words …………………………….an ancient philosopher.

10. I’m sure Brian won’t mind looking after the baby.(care)

I’m sure Brian won’t object ………………………………………the baby.

Exercise 12

Translate the following sentences

1. Ученые считают, что количество людей, страдающих от депрессии, значительно увеличится в 21 веке.

2. многие экспортеры в США выиграли от снижения обменного курса доллара.

3. Повышение цен на нефть может привести к росту темпов инфляции.

4. Многие родители не одобряют, когда их дети увлекаются рок музыкой.

5. Мы сообщаем Вам о нашем окончательном решении в течение недели.

6. Когда Том жил в общежитии, ему приходилось делить комнату с другим студентом, который имел привычку брать вещи Тома, не спросив на то разрешения.

7. Она тратит слишком много денег на покупку модной одежды.

8. Мы узнали о Вашей компании от наших клиентов и хотели бы, чтобы Вы поставили нам Ваши изделия.

9. Мы вынуждены были пожаловаться менеджеру на плохое обслуживание в отеле.

10. Компания застраховала товар от поломки и хищений в пути.

6. The subjunctive and ‘unreal’ uses of past forms

We use the subjunctive form in certain fixed expressions and after some verbs and adjectives which express the idea of necessity, importance, etc. the subjunctive form can be used to refer to events and situations on the past, present or future. We use it mostly in formal and literary language.

After certain expressions we can also use past tenses to refer to the past, present or future, to describe things which are seen as ‘unreal’ or unlikely. This is similar to the use of past tenses in conditionals. In this unit we look at the way we use past tenses after particular expressions and to express preference and necessity.

The subjunctive

• The subjunctive form is the same as the infinitive (without to). It does not show any marking for tense and can be used to refer to events in the past, present or future. We use it most often in that clauses after certain verbs (e.g. advise, ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest) and after adjectives (e.g. advisable, anxious, desirable, eager, essential, important, necessary, preferable, vital, willing), to express the idea that something is necessary or important:

At yesterday’s hearing the judge insisted (that) Mr Grant give evidence despite his relationship to the accused.

In future cases it will be vital that each party give full disclosure prior to trial.

We can use passive and negative forms of the subjunctive:

Members of the committee suggested England be excluded from future international tournaments.

Regulations require that officers not enter the crime scene without protective clothing.

The verb be has an alternative subjunctive form were which is sometimes called the past subjunctive and is used to talk about the imagined present or future and in conditionals.

• The subjunctive is used in reported speech, very formal language (e.g. regulations, legal documents) and in poetry:

She insisted that she pay her own way.

We require that all receipts be submitted to the committee for approval.

I know not whether laws be right, or whether laws be wrong. (Oscar Wild)

As the use of the subjunctive is rather formal or literary in British English (it is less formal and more common in US English), British English speakers prefer to use should + infinitive or the forms listed below in most situations:

It is vital that every applicant complete the form in triplicate. (subjunctive)

It is vital that every applicant should complete the form in triplicate. (should + infinitive)

It is vital that every applicant completes the form in triplicate.(present simple)

It is vital for every applicant to complete the form in triplicate.(for + subject + to +infinitive)

• Fixed expressions. There are some fixed expressions which use subjunctive forms:

If he doesn't wont to see us, then so be It.([= then let it happen)

Bless you!

Long live the republic!

'There's very little chance of winning this case.' Be that as it may, I'm not going to give up fighting.' (= Whether that is true or not, I'm not ...) I'll take it all the way to the Supreme Court if need be. (= if this is necessary)

The ‘unreal’ past

• After a number of expressions, like if only, we use past tenses (active and passive) to describe things in the present, past or future which are imagined or unreal. We sometimes refer to this use of past tenses as the 'unreal' past.

If only I was thin. (= I am not thin but I would like to be thin.)

Other introducing expressions like if only are: It's time .... What if ..., Suppose/Supposing ..., would rather, would sooner, as if, as though, wish.

We can use the past simple or the past continuous after these expressions to talk about the imaginary present and future:

• Present: It's time they were forced to clear up the mess. (They aren't being forced to clear up at the moment.)

These kids act as if they owned the place. (They don't own it.)

• Future: / wish I were coming with you tomorrow. (I am not coming with you tomorrow.)

We use the past perfect to refer to something unreal in the past:

Suppose the gun had been fired at me? (The gun wasn't fired at me.) I wish I'd never started this course. (I have started it.)

• Many speakers prefer to use were for all persons when talking about the imagined present or future, especially in more formal situations and in US English. This form is sometimes called the past subjunctive and is also used in second conditional sentences:

Suppose I were to announce my candidacy at the next council meeting.

If only he were a little more convincing on the economic issues.

If I were you, I 'd think twice before refusing that offer.

In the above examples we can also use was but this is more informal.

• We use it's time ... to say that something is not happening and it should be:

It's time we left. (= We aren't leaving and we should.)

It's about time you paid a visit to your grandparents. (= You should visit them.)

It's high time that the voice of the people was heard in this House. (= Their voice isn't being heard and it should be.)

We cannot use a negative after it's time ...:

X It's time we didn't stay.

Note that we can also use It's time to + infinitive or it's time for + object + to + infinitive:

I'm afraid it's time to put your books away now, children.

Come on everybody. It's time for us to get on the coach

• We use what if, suppose/supposing (that) with the past simple or continuous to ask questions about an imaginary situation in the present or future and its possible consequences. These questions have similar form and meaning to those in second conditional sentences:

Suppose he asked you to marry him, what would you say? (= If he asked you to marry him, what would you say?)

Sentences with these expressions describing an imaginary situation in the past have a similar meaning to third conditional sentences.

Supposing your parents had refused, how would you have felt? (= If your parents had refused, how would you have felt?)

And what if he had been thrown out by the landlord? Where would he have gone?

We often use what if, suppose and supposing to make suggestions:

Suppose you paid the bill for once?

We use a present tense after these expressions to ask about an imaginary situation in the future that we think is likely or probable, or if we want to suggest that it is:

What if the plan doesn't work?

Supposing he gets caught at customs? You know how vigilant they can be.

• We use would rather/sooner with the past simple to describe preferences:

I'd sooner you gave me a cash refund. A credit note's no use to me. (= I would prefer a refund/I wish you would give me a refund.)

They are often used as a polite way to give/refuse permission, or make suggestions:

I'd rather you didn't smoke in here.

I'm not keen on the idea of staying in. I'd sooner we went out clubbing or something.

If the person expressing a preference and the subject of the preference are the same we use an infinitive instead of the past tense. Compare:

We'd sooner you spent your bonus on something useful. (past tense: speaker and subject are not the same)

I'd rather spend it on something frivolous. (infinitive: speaker and subject are the same)

• We use the past simple after as if or as though to say that how something appears now does not match with reality:

He talks to the children as though they were imbeciles. (The speaker knows they aren't imbeciles.)

They are acting as if nothing had happened. (The speaker knows something has happened.)

But we use a present tense (including the present perfect) after as if or as though to describe how things seem or appear when there is a possibility that the appearance reflects something real:

He sounds as if he knows what he's talking about. (= Perhaps he does know.)

You look as though you haven't eaten for days. (= You may not have eaten.)

We can use these expressions to be critical, ironic or sarcastic:

It isn't as if he's in any position to pass judgment! (= He probably isn't in a position to do this.)

Wish/ If only

• We use wish/if only + past simple to express a desire for something to be different in the present:

/ wish I had more free time.(= I don't have much free time, but I would like some.)

The desire can be for something which is actually impossible:

If only I were young again

• We use wish/if only + past perfect to express a regret about the past, a wish that something different had happened:

/ wish that you'd told me about this before I booked the tickets. (= I regret the fact that you didn't tell me about this.)

If only he hadn't been driving so fast! (= Unfortunately he was driving very fast.)

• Wish/if only + would usually expresses a desire for someone to change their deliberate behaviour in the present or future:

/ wish you 'd stop looking at me like that it's terribly distracting. (= You keep looking at me and I want you to stop.)

We often use this form to criticise or complain about something:

/ wish you'd stop shouting. I'm not deaf you know

We can also use the form with inanimate subjects because although we know they have no conscious control over their actions (they are not human), we give them human characteristics for emphatic effect:

If only the sun wouid come out so we could get on with the filming. (= The sun 'refuses' to come out. I want it to come out.)

The change we desire must be possible, even if unlikely. We cannot use would for an impossible change, e.g. one which the subject has no control over or a change to the past:

X I wish sports cars wouldn’t be so expensive. (Cars have no control over their price.)

I wish sports cars weren't so expensive. (+ past simple)

X If only nuclear bombs would not have been invented. (a change to the past)

If only nuclear bombs hadn't been invented. (+ past perfect )

We can't use would when the subject of the wish and the subject of the change are the same. Instead we use a past tense, or could:

X I wish I would be more energetic. (Subject of wish and would are the same.)

If only I were more energetic. / wish I could be more energetic.

• We use wish/If only + could have to describe a desire we know is impossible to achieve:

If only we could see the situation through his eyes. (We can't.)

We often use the form when we are expressing an impossible desire about ourselves:

/ wish I could dance but I'm afraid I've got two left feet.

We can use could have for a regret about the past. It means 'It would have been nice if...':

/ wish your father could have been there to see it all. (= Unfortunately, he wasn'table to be there.)

• If only is often more emphatic than wish. Compare these examples:

If only we'd seen you coming. We might have braked in time, (a regret)

/ wish we'd seen you coming. We would have put out the red carpet! (a wish)

For greater emphasis we can put a subject between if and only in informal English:

If you only knew how much trouble you've caused.

Wish can be followed by that, but if only cannot:

X If only that you’d told me about it earlier.

/ wish that you'd told me about it earlier.

Practice

Exercise 1

Complete each second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.

1. I wish you were a bit tidier.

I wish you would put your things away.

2. I wish you were more interested in your school work.

I wish you would

3. I wish I spoke more languages.

I wish I could

4. I wish I had enough money to buy a car.

I wish I could

5. I wish they had more chess books in the library.

I wish the library would

6. I wish there was some soap in the bathroom.

I wish the cleaners would

7. I just wish my partner was a bit more romantic!

I just wish my partner would

Exercise 2

Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form.

1. I’d rather you didn’t watch (not watch) television while I’m reading.

2. It’s high time you ………….(start) working seriously.

3. I wish I ………(spend) more time swimming last summer.

4. Helen is bossy. She acts as if she ……… (own) the place.

5. Suppose a complete stranger ………. (leave) you a lot of money in their will!

6. I wish I ……….. (go) to your party after all.

7. I’d rather you …….. (sit) next to Susan, please.

8. The government demanded that the ambassador ………… (be) recalled.

9. You are lucky going to Italy. I wish I ……… (go) with you.

Exercise 3

Correct the error(s) in each sentence.

1. I wish I bought that old house. I wish I had bought …

2. I’d rather you don’t eat all the bread.

3. It’s time I go.

4. I wish I own a motorbike.

5. I wish we are not leaving in the morning.

6. Sue would rather reading than watching television.

7. I hope it would stop raining.

8. I’d prefer if you didn’t wait.

9. I wish I didn’t listen to you before.

Exercise 4

Rewrite these sentences using a suitable phrase from the box. Use each phrase only once.

as if she as though I'd rather it's time it's about time you suppose I I’d sooner they'd rather what if

1. Taking the later flight would be preferable for me. I’d sooner take the later flight.

2. You look awful. Have you been unwell?

3. Please don't wipe your feet on the carpets.

4. What on earth will happen if they don't accept your explanation?

5. We really ought to pay the bill now.

6. If I complained to the police, how would they react?

7. If they had the choice, I think they'd prefer us to go with them.

8. She isn't a member of the club, but she acts like someone who is.

8 You should give your parents a call, they must be getting worried by now

Exercise 5

Read the information in the box then match each statement (1-15) below with one of the Bakers Alan (A), Mary (M) or Teresa (T). You can match five statements to each speaker

A - Alan loves swimming but he doesn't have a pool in his house.

M - Mary has a swimming pool in her house.

T – Teresa used to own a house with a swimming pool.

1. I wish we had a house with a pool.

2. Supposing we got rid of the pool?

3. It's high time we changed the water in the pool.

4. If only the pool hadn't been so expensive to maintain.

5. Suppose we hadn't had a pool for all those years?

6. I'd rather we had our own pool.

7. People say I sometimes talk as if I had my own swimming pool.

8. What if we'd never had a pool?

9. If only the children would use our pool more often.

10. I wish I could go back to the days when we had our own pool.

11. If only we didn't have that great big pool in the back garden.

12. I'd sooner we used solar power to heat our pool.

13. I wish we could have used our pool more.

14. It's about time we built a pool.

15. What if we installed a pool in the basement?

Exercise 6

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the -original sentence. Use the words given in bold letters. The words must not be altered in any way. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

0 I regret the fact that we didn't see the band play.

could I wish we could have seen the play. ………………………………………………..

1 It's a pity that you didn't tell us that you were leaving.

wish

2 What would have happened if they hadn't got a receipt?

suppose

3 We really should go now.

went

4 Unfortunately, I'm not as agile as I used to be.

only

5 I'd love to be able to play the piano.

could

6 Her constant criticism of me really gets on my nerves.

stop

7 Treat my home in the same way that you would treat your own.

though

8 I regret not going to university when I was younger.

gone

9 She would love to have more friends.

had

10 Please don't let the dog sit in the front of the car.

I'd

Exercise 7

Read the following situations, then make sentences using would rather or had better.

1. You want to play tennis not squash. I would rather play tennis than play squash.

2. You don’t want her to invite him to the party.

3. You want to be left alone to read and don’t want to go to the cinema.

4. It would be more sensible for you to go and rest for an hour.

5. I would prefer to spend Christmas in Spain and not go home.

6. We should have waited for him at home.

7. Mary always wears horrible orange lipstick. You wish she wouldn’t.

8. Your friend turns up late and you are angry with him.

Exercise 8

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. I’d rather go (go) fishing this afternoon.

2. I’d rather you ………..(not/wear) my red dress to the dance tonight.

3. I’d rather you…………..(say) that you didn’t want to come!

4. I’d rather……………(go) by plane but I couldn’t afford the air fare.

5. I’d rather you …………..(not/use) such bad language! It upsets people.

6. We prefer ………. (watch) films to ………..(watch) political programmes.

7. I’d rather ………..(not/tell) them the news yet.

8. I prefer ……….(cook) dinner rather than ………. (eat) in that restaurant.

9. We’d prefer ……………… (call) our child David, rather than ………(call) him Stephen.

10. We’d rather …………… (recycle) our rubbish than …… (use) non-recyclable goods.

11. He had better …….. (not/tell) her or I’ll be furious!

12. After a lot of thought, we’ve decided that we would prefer …………….. (get/married) in Portugal rather than in England.

13. It would have been better if she ………… (give) us the information sooner.

14. You’d better ………. (not/wake) her up because she hasn’t slept for two days.

15. I would prefer …………. (pay) in cash rather than by credit card.

Exercise 9

Some of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick the correct sentences; then underline and correct the mistakes.

1. I had rather you didn't take the car; it's just been cleaned.

2. It's high time our employer listens to our grievances.

3. Supposing I took out my own insurance cover, what did you do about it?

4. If we only knew where he was getting the information from.

5. I wish I would be a child again.

6. He's only a student but sometimes he acts as if he is the teacher.

7. I'd sooner die than go out with that creep.

8. What if you'll see him at the party?

9 It's about time I didn't stay at home; I am twenty-five after all! 10 What a mess; you look as though you've been in a fight!

Exercise 10

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. Do you ever regret not going to university? (wish)

2. I should really be going home now. (time)

3. I’d rather not go by plane. (prefer)

4. Jack doesn’t know all the answers, though he pretends to. (acts)

5. I’d love to be able to go with you to the opera. (wish)

6. I wish I hadn’t sold that old painting. (pity)

7. I’d rather you didn’t stay long at the party. (better)

8. The management said it was important for us to wear dark suits to the meeting. (insisted)

9. I’ve had enough of your constant complaining! (wish)

10. I’d love to be sitting on a beach in Turkey right now! (wish)

Exercise 11

Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase.

1. I wish you would stop making so much noise late at night!

2. I’d rather the children ………… on the television without permission.

3. Suppose …………….. half the money I owe you. Would that satisfy you?

4. I hope ……….. get into trouble on my account. What do you think they’ll say?

5. This is an awful hotel. I wish we ………. to the Grand instead.

6. It is absolutely …………. you contact head office in advance.

7. I think it’s high time we ……. locking all the windows at night.

8. Would you rather I …………the lunch, if you feel tired?

9. I wish my car ……………..as fast as yours.

10. I’d prefer you …………….smoke in here, if you don’t mind.

Revision

Exercise 12

Complete the letter by writing one word in each space. A contraction (don’t) counts as one word.

Dear Tom,

Well, this time next week you’ll be somewhere in Europe on a train. I’m sure any mum would worry! Actually, you’re very lucky. I’d love to 1)…..be…. able to go off around the world. I often wish I 2)………. traveled more when I was younger. I really hope you 3) ………….. yourself, but do be careful, won’t you? You’re only 18 after all. Do take care with your money, won’t you? And I’d rather you 4)……….. spend too many nights in your tent alone. It’s so dangerous. I suggest you only 5) your tent in a proper camp site.

I wish you 6) ……… going quite so soon. It’s a pity you 7)……… stay until after Dad’s 50^th birthday. But never mind. I wish Dad 8) ………….. be at the airport to see you off, but he’s got some really important business that day.

Suppose we 9) …………… out to see you in June?!! … Just a thought. Anyway, just remember, if you get into any trouble, we’re only a phone call away, and come what 10) …………….., we’ll always be there for you.

Love, Mum

Exercise 13

Complete the letter with appropriate forms of the words in brackets.

Dear Mrs Grenfell,

I am writing to you in your position as secretary of Cliveden Mansions Residents' Association in connection with the problem of residents leaving bicycles in the common entrance hallway.

My wife and I have yet again been having a lot of trouble with Steve and David Brown, the tenants of flat 16 on the first floor, and we feel it is high time this persistent

source of dispute (1) (finally/resolve). These tenants own two bicycles which they

insist on leaving in the entrance corridor. Mo doubt you are aware that the leases of all

the flats in our building require that the entrance (2) (keep clear) of obstruction

at all times. The local fire officer has also pointed out to me that under the building

regulations the common entrance corridors to flats must be treated as if they (3)

(be) exits of a public building, and are therefore subject to the same restrictions as those

in force in theatres, cinemas, etc. Supposing the corridor (4) (block) with bicycles

and there was a serious fire? We might all be trapped in our flats.

Apparently last month you told the Browns that they could keep their bicycles there

for a temporary period. Well, I certainly wish you (5) (not/agree) to that, because

they continually use this as an excuse when we ask them to remove the bikes. I have pointed out to them that there is space to store bicycles in the back yard, although I

would sooner they (6) (keep) the bikes in their own flat as the presence of two

mountain bikes might attract thieves. They say that there isn't any space in their flat

and I wish I (7) (able to) offer them somewhere else. But, as you know, all the

space in the bicycle shed is now allocated. Unfortunately they still seem unwilling to move their bikes, and their intransigence is beginning to seem deliberate. It isn't as though we

(8) (not/tell) them about this on numerous occasions. In fact it has now reached a

stage where I feel I must insist that the chairman of the residents' association (9)

(demand) they remove the bicycles forthwith.

We would rather (10) (not/have to/refer) this matter to our solicitors but we

feel that if the residents' association is unable to resolve the matter, we will have no

Yours sincerely,

Howard Blenkinsop

Exercise 14

Translate into English using active grammar and vocabulary

1.Ему было бы намного лучше, если бы он не злился(затаил недовольство) на весь мир. 2. Руководство телеканала настаивало, чтобы программу новостей страны вел новыйведущий. 3. Существенно важно, чтобы правительствопередавалоинтересы нации. 4. Современная ситуация требует, чтобы число министров былосокращенона треть. 5. Властям давно пора остановитьволну насилияна телевидении. 6. Она жалела, что ее доход позволяетсодержатьтолько одного ребенка. 7. Предположим, компания заплатила бы вамсолиднуюпремию. На что вы потратили бы деньги? 8. Родители предпочли бы, чтобы телевидение в большей степенипринимало во вниманиеинтересы детей. 9. Если бы только они понимали, что ихзаманивали в ловушку. 10. Жаль, что телевизионные программынаводненырекламой. 11. Согласно последнему правительственному отчету, существенно необходимо строить больше жилых домов. 12. Полицейские власти предложили ввести более суровое наказание для пьяных водителей. 13. Люди путешествовали бы больше, при условии, что цены на авиабилеты были бы ниже. 14. Некоторые люди советуют удвоить цены на сигареты, полагая, что это поможет бросить курить многим. 15. Она жалела, что доверяла ему. 16. Он жалел, что не последовал совету отца, иначе он не разорился бы. 17. Как бы ей хотелось, чтобы сын больше занимался спортом, а не просиживал бы за компьютерными играми. 18. Если бы только они перестали критиковать дочь, она могла бы добиться больших успехов. 19. Как бы ей хотелось, чтобы подруга ее простила.

7 Adjective + preposition

• Some adjectives can have a preposition after them. The preposition may be followed by a noun or noun phrase.

We're all disappointed with the poor figures.

I'm responsible for a sales team of eight people that covers the south of the country.

When followed by a verb, the -ing form must be used.

We might be interested in placing more orders in the future.

An adjective can also be followed by a to infinitive. If we need to mention a person, we use for between the adjective and the infinitive.

It's important to follow the safety procedures.

It's important for us to move quickly in these negotiations.

It's good for children to make their own chokes. Too much well-meaning liberalism means that it's harder for us to set boundaries for them. (Guardian website)

• Feelings

Many examples of adjective + preposition are connected with feelings.

afraid of fed up with proud of

amazed at/by fond of satisfied with

bored with interested in serious about

disappointed with keen on shocked at/by

doubtful about nervous of surprised at/by

enthusiastic about optimistic about suspicious of

excited about pessimistic about tired of

fascinated by pleased with worried about

I'm really excited about starting my new job. I'm not very keen on fried food, to be honest.

Six banks are interested in buying an 86% stake in Peru's Banco Latino. (Business News Americas website)

For behaviour towards another person we use adjective + to. Examples include good to, kind to,

nice to, polite to, rude to.

When my mother was ill my colleagues were all very kind to me.

I thought he was rather rude to the waitress

• Other adjectives

Here are some other common examples of adjective + preposition.

accustomed to answerable to attached to aware of capable of certain about compatible with covered in dependent on different from/to famous for fit for full of guilty of important for involved in late for lacking in

married to opposed to popular with prepared for ready for related to relevant to rich in right about safe from the same as similar to suitable for sure of typical of used to (= accustomed to) useful for wrong about

My opinions are very different from yours.

Our company is famous all over the world for the Quality of its engineering.

She was full of enthusiasm when I explained our idea.

We're used to the delays on the metro. They happen all the time

• Adjective + choice of preposition

Some adjectives can be followed by different prepositions with a small difference in meaning. Often one preposition is used for things and another for people.

'We are each responsible for a particular geographical area.'- Export Services Adviser (cebd website)

angry about

angry with annoyed about annoyed with good/bad at (ability)

good/bad for good/bad with happy about/with happy for responsible for responsible to sorry about

sorry for (+ -ing) feel sorry for

I'm very angry about the delay.

I'm very angry with them for causing this delay.

He was annoyed about what the journalist wrote.

He was annoyed with the journalist.

I've never been very good at dealing with conflict.

A new person at the top would be good for the company.

She's very good with difficult customers.

Are you happy with my suggestion?

Congratulations! I'm very happy for you both.

I'm responsible for all the transport and logistics.

The Finance Director is directly responsible to the CEO.

I'm sorry about all the trouble I've caused.

I'm sorry for causing so much trouble.

Practice

Exercise 1

Complete each sentence 1-10 with an ending a)-j)

1. Are you interested

2. This model is different

3. Are you aware

4. They were really annoyed

5. He's become very keen

6. Jane is really good

7. I'm so tired. I'm not used

8. Are you ready

9. I was quite surprised

10 I could be wrong

1. at motivating people.

2. with us for sending the wrong goods.

3. for another drink?

4. of the difficulties you are creating?

5. about this, but I don't think it's going to work.

6. by the number of Internet cafes in this town. g) in any other items from the catalogue?

h) from the old one in some important ways.

i) to the time difference yet.

j) on keeping fit recently.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences with one word from list A and one word from list B.

A: attached tired dependent popular involved safe suitable serious

B: about for from in of on to with

1. This fund is very ....popular with..,.. investors looking for long-term growth.

2. The firewall should make the network attack by hackers.

3. For further details, see the copy of the contract this letter.

4. Starting salary is previous experience.

5. I don't think they're this, they haven't been in touch for weeks.

6. We're every stage of the process, from design to production.

7. I need a change. I'm doing the same thing every day.

8. Hedge funds are very risky. They're not the private investor.

Exercise 3

Underline the correct word.

1 I’m really angry about/with them for not letting us know sooner.

2 I’ve spoken to Robertand I’m reasonably happy with/for all the arrangements.

3 I’m really happy with/for all the arrangements.

4. I'm a bit annoyed about/with all this confusion with the wrong invoices.

5. I'm a bit annoyed about/with them for sending the wrong invoices.

6. I'm sorry about/for what happened yesterday.

7. I'm sorry about/for arriving so late - I got delayed in traffic.

8. I feel very sorry about/for Frances. She didn't deserve to be treated like that.

9. Low inflation is good at/for/with every sector of the economy.

10. She'd be excellent in Human Resources, she's really good at/for/with people.

11. Richard, can you help us with this translation? You're good at/for/with French.

12. If you need to refer the decision upwards, who are you responsible for/to?

13. As head of department, how many staff are you responsible for/to?

14 Who is responsible for/to the Scandinavian market?

Exercise 4

Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1 Consumers find the old models a bit boring.

Consumers are a bit bored with the old models

2 Julia is Adrian's wife.

Julia is married…………………………………………….

3 I'm not accustomed to driving on the left.

I'm not used…………………………………………

4 I need to get the room prepared for the meeting.

I need to get the room ready

5 Do you find archaeology interesting?

Are you………………………………….?

6 What he said has made me angry.

I'm angry……………………………………………

7 Mathematics was always my best subject.

I was always very good…………………………………..

8 The advertising campaign was a disaster. You said it would be.

You were right……………………….It was a disaster.

9 There were lots of people in the conference hall.

The conference hall was full

10 I don't really like her idea.

I'm not really very keen………………………………….

Revision

Exercise 5

Complete the sequence of emails with a word from the list below.

aware attached capable compatible covered dependent involved lacking late opposed prepared right similar useful

Dear David

Are you (1) aware. of the article about Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in the latest Business Week? I've scanned it and (2) it to this email.

Basically, it says that in the past companies were (3) on their brand name, but in the future we'll have to be (4) for customers changing supplier more often.

To give better service we'll need CRM software (5) of integrating customer information across the sales force, call centre and website. That information also becomes (6) for marketing - things like understanding buying behaviour. I remember you saying something (7) to this in a meeting last year, and as you are (8) in IT purchasing decisions I thought you should see the article.

Melena

Dear Melena

Thanks for the email. You're absolutely (9) about the importance of CRM, and if you remember I proposed at that meeting that we invest in new CRM software. Most people were (10) to the idea, partly because of the difficulty in finding software (11) with our other IT systems. I said at the time that they were a bit (12) in vision, but it's not too (13) for us to start. I'll put together a short report based on the ideas (14) in the article and circulate it. Thanks again.

David

Exercise 6

Translate the following sentences into English

1. Несмотря на тяжелую ситуацию в экономике, многие люди смотрят на будущее с оптимизмом.

2. Мы заинтересованы в приобретении Вашего высокотехнологичного оборудования.

3. Она очень взволнована по поводу поездки в Египет.

4. Данное программное обеспечение совместимо почти со всеми моделями компьютеров.

5. Этот автор очень популярен среди молодежи.

6. Он был полон энтузиазма, когда ему сообщили о начале нового проекта.

7. Восточная Сибирь богата многими природными ископаемыми, например, газом и нефтью.

8. Это компания известна своей высококачественной продукцией по разумным ценам.

9. Жители этой страны уже привыкли к постоянным землетрясениям.

10. Мы в курсе последних моделей, предлагаемых этой компанией.

8. Modal verbs (second use)

• Must is used in the meaning of supposition of high probability. The infinitive after the modal verb is used in the following forms:

She must be about twenty now. She went to school with my sister.

Должно быть, ей сейчас около двадцати лет. Она училась в школе с моей сестрой.

It’s 5 o’clock now. He must be working in the garden.

Сейчас 5 часов. Он должно быть (вероятно), работает в саду.

Something must have happened. He has never been late before.

Должно быть, что-то случилось. Он раньше никогда не опаздывал.

The visitor is still here. He must have been here for an hour.

Посетитель все еще здесь. Он ждет, по всей вероятности, уже час.

Must is not used in the meaning of supposition of high probability with reference to the future, be likely or probably is used instead.

He is likely to arrive tomorrow.

Negative forms:

• negative words

Nobody must have noticed him leave.

Никто, должно быть, не заметил, как он ушел.

• negative prefixes

He must have left the door unloked.

Он, должно быть, специально не запер дверь.

• ‘fail’

He must have failed to come on time.

Он, должно быть, не пришел вовремя.

• Can (could) is used in the meaning of supposition with implied surprise, disbelief, great doubt. The infinitive after the modal verb is used in different forms:

It can’t (couldn’t) be true.

Не может быть, чтобы это была правда.

Can (could) it be true?

Неужели это правда?

He can’t (couldn’t) be working at such a late hour.

Не может быть, чтобы он работал в столь поздний час.

She can’t (couldn’t) have said such a thing.

Не может быть, чтобы она сказала такую вещь.

Can (Could) you have been waiting for so long?

Неужели вы ждете так долго?

Who could have thought that he wouldn’t come?

Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что он не придет?

Negative forms:

- negative prefixes

She can’t have misunderstood me.

Не может быть, чтобы она меня не поняла.

- ‘fail’

She can’t have failed to get in touch with them.

Не может быть, чтобы ей не удалось связаться c ними.

Can in the meaning of supposition very seldom occurs in positive sentences. Could makes the statement less categorical, milder.

• May (might) is used in the meaning of uncertain supposition and reproach. Different forms of the infinitive can be used after the modal verb.

Uncertain supposition:

He may (might) be at home for all I know.

Может быть, он дома, откуда мне знать.

You may(might) like the place, who knows?

Может быть (возможно), вам и понравится то место, как знать?

I have to go. My friend may (might) be holding a taxi.

Мне нужно уйти. Мой друг, возможно. Держит такси.

He may have reached the place already.

Он, возможно, уже добрался до места

.

Reproach

You might be more polite to her.

Вы могли бы быть с ней повежливее.

You might have let me know that the meeting was put off. Why didn’t you?

Вы могли бы предупредить меня, что собрание отложено.почему вы этого не сделали?

Negative form:

You may not like this flat.

Возможно, вам эта квартира и не понравится.

Practice

Exercise 1

Paraphrase the following sentences using "must" to express near certainty.

1. He surely took himself in hand for they spoke of him as of a very reasonable and calm person.

2. The message was evidently delivered in time as we received and immediate answer.

3. There is no doubt that it was all prepared in time.

4. He impressed us as an experienced engineer. Most probably he had been working at the problem a long time.

5. Obviously she didn't know that you'd made an appointment with us.

6. There is little doubt that he never thought what a painful blow the news would be to his friend.

7. It is clear that the thing annoyed him for he tried to change the subject.

8. They have most likely not realized the mistake they were making.

9. Evidently he can't spare you money. l0. There is no doubt he is taking himself in hand.

11. Don't worry! He knows how to behave. He is sure to have made a favourable impression on them. 12. Everybody was sure he didn't admit his mistake.

13. Most probably he will get away with it.

14. Most likely they didn't realize the risk they were running.

15. He evidently took himself in hand for he didn't say a word.

16. There is no doubt that everything was arranged beforehand.

15. You'd better make a thorough study of this subject. I'm sure they'll raise the question at the conference.

18. Evidently he didn't see you, otherwise he would have come up to you.

19. He surely didn't find out the real reason for their silence.

Exercise 2

Paraphrase the following sentences using "can (could)" to express surprise, doubt or disbelief.

1. It is unbelievable that he should have taken such an attitude to the matter.

2. I can hardly believe that he should have wrecked your chances again.

3. I doubt very much that the thing is beyond our understanding.

4. It is impossible that he should have asked no one for advice and acted on his own responsibility.

5. Is it possible that he didn't give at least one example to prove his point?

6. It's just not possible for the cat to open the fridge!

7. It's doubtful that they should be trying to get out of the deal.

8. Is it possible that somebody is working against us?

9. I doubt that they didn't guess what he intended to do next.

10. It is impossible that you should be unable to settle such a simple matter without delay.

11. I don’t believe that he was accused of murder.

12. Is it possible that he should have committed suicide?

13. It is impossible she should be good at languages. She has no memory for words.

14. Is it possible that he should have started an argument when he

learnt what attitude to the matter they had taken?

15. t was impossible for anybody to guess that he would behave so rudely.

16. I can't believe that our terms should have seemed unfair to them.

17. Is it possible that the earth was originally part of the sun?

18. He can hardly believe that she didn't jump at the chance when she was offered a flat in a modem block.

19. Is it possible that the crime was committed by a left-handed man?

Exercise 3

Complete the responses to the statements using "must" or "can't".

1. His fiancee writes to him every day. She must...

2. I don't seem to have my key with me. I must have...

3. He drives a Rolls-Royce and his wife a Mercedes. They must...

4. No one thought he would be offered the job, but he was. The person who interviewed him must have...

5. He has no idea what the book is about. He can't have...

6. He talks about going to the moon next year. He must...

7. She didn't reply to his letter. She can't have...

8. He wears glasses all the time. His eyesight can't...

9. They haven't been on speaking terms recently. They must have...

IO. He said he would ring, but he hasn't. He must have...

11 .The last bus has already gone. It must…..than I thought.

12.1'm amazed that she married him soon. She can't have...

13.There was a dock strike and the liner couldn't leave the port. The passengers must have...

14.-I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right!

-He can't have...

15.-I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now.

— You must have...

16.You strike me as extremely young. You can't...

Exercise 4

Paraphrase the following sentences using "may (might)" in the meaning of supposition or reproach.

1. It's possible that most people think that civil servants don't have to work very hard.

1. Owing to the strike, trains will possibly be subject to delay.

2. Maybe, Lord Fidmouth was not one of the world's great thinkers, but he could put two and two together.

2. He suspected that a Forsyte was still living in that house.

3. Perhaps they didn't notice that the tyre was flat.

3. She looks so annoyed. Maybe that constant noise has got on her nerves.

4. I wish, you hadn't suggested something that didn't suit anyone.

5. Probably he failed to get in touch with you and went to the country.

6. It is not impossible that the government’s policy will prove to be little short of disastrous.

7. Why didn’t you back me up? I had never expected anything like that.

8. Maybe the suggestion seemed sensible to him, but we consider it to be useless.

9. I expected you to say something in his defense. Why didn’t you?

10. Perhaps he doesn’ t know how to handle the tape recorder.

11. I wish you had confirmed your words by action. Why didn’t you?

12. It is possible that parents will find that they can’t understand the way their children are now taught.

13. It seems to me that she is only pretending to be asleep but I’m not sure.

14. Nobody knows how people came to these islands. Perhaps they sailed from South America on rafts.

15. I think you should at least read the letter.

16. Maybe he wasn’t the only one who realized the danger.

17. Why blame her? Perhaps she didn’t know about your plans at all.

Exercise 5

Underline the correct words.

1. Look at those clouds. I think it can /might/must rain.

2. That's impossible. It can't be/mustn't be/may not be true.

3. Well done! You may be /must be /might be very pleased.

4. Next Thursday is a possibility. I might be/can't be/must be free in the afternoon.

5. I'm not sure. I must not be/may not be/won't be able to get there in time.

6. That can't be/mustn't be/may not be David. He's away at a conference.

7. Lisa isn't at her office. She can be/must be/mustn't be on her way here.

8. Lisa hasn't arrived yet. She should be/can be/can't be here soon.

9. There's someone in reception. It can be/could be/mustn't be the engineer.

10. Sorry, I can't/may not/might come to your presentation. I'm busy that afternoon.

11. I'm not sure where Sue is. She could be/must be/can be at lunch.

12. I've looked everywhere for Sue. She could be/must be/can be at lunch.

Exercise 6

Match each sentence 1-7 with a similar sentence a)-g).

1. They’re likely to do it.	a. I’m sure that they’ll do it.
2. They might/could do it.	b. I’m nearly sure that they’ll do it.
3. They’re almost certain to do it.	c. They’ll probably do it.
4. They’ll definitely do it.	d. Maybe they’ll do it.
5. They’re unlikely to do it.	e. I’m sure they won’t do it.
6. They’re very unlikely do it.	f. They’ll probably won’t do it.
7. They definitely won’t do it.	g. They almost certainly won’t do it.

Exercise 7

Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using must, might, can or can

1. Deliver by the end of the month? Yes, I think it's possible to do that. Deliver by the end of the month? Yes, I think we do that.

2. It's possible that we will lose this client. We…………………………………lose this client.

3. I'm sure this isn't the right road.

This be the right road.

4 I'm sure you work late most nights.

You work late most nights.

5. It's possible that I'll see you tomorrow, but I'm not sure. I see you tomorrow.

6. It's possible for the new printer to print 20 sheets per minute. The new printer………………………….print 20 sheets per minute.

7. I'm afraid that I'm unable to go to the Trade Fair this year.

I'm afraid that I go to the Trade Fair this year.

8 I suppose you are Kate Perry. How do you do?

You………………….be Kate Perry. How do you do?

Exercise 8

Match each sentence with its meaning.

1. He won’t have arrived yet.	a. 95% - 100% probability of his arrival
2. He’ll have arrived by now.	b. 80% probability of his arrival
3. He can’t have arrived yet.	c. 40-60% probability of his arrival
4. He might have arrived yet.	d. 0% probability of his arrival
5. He could have arrived by now.
6. He should have arrived by now.
7. He must have arrived by now.
8. He couldn’t have arrived yet.

Exercise 9

Change the following sentences, making them opposite in meaning; make all other necessary changes.

1. The students must have given the right answer. The teacher was pleased.

2. Everybody must have noticed her turn pale.

3. He must have recognized me for he nodded my way.

4. She must have taken herself in hand. She never said a word.

5. He must be very observant. He always notices a new dress when I have one.

6. He must have admitted the truth.

7. He must have kept his promise.

8. She must be very patient with children, they like her.

9. They must have caught the train.

Exercise 10

Adding a modal verb according to the sense, open the brackets, using the correct form of the verb, give variants if possible.

1. You have changed very little, time (deal) lightly with you.

2. You (forget) the solemn promise you gave in front of everybody?

3. You (observe) that I gave you no answer.

4. He (put up with) the situation. He had no choice.

5. You (not go) into the details of the matter; you have bored everybody to death as it is.

6. He (establish) his reputation before starting to exercise power.

7. No one (make) me believe that it was a misunderstanding on his part.

8. They (not go) without leaving a massage for me.

9. As he is absent-minded he (not be allowed) to drive in town.

10. My eye was caught by a poster on the wall. Noticing my look the hostess said: ‘The face (be) familiar to you.’

11. He looked at me without recognition: I really (change) greatly, I thought.

12. He hardly knew what was happening to him. He (feel) people helping him to a chair. He thought he (fall) asleep.

Revision

Exercise 11

Martin and Anne have arrived at check-in at Heathrow Airport. Complete their dialogue with must, might, can't, must have, might have or can't have. Use each word once only.

MARTIN Oh no, I can't find my passport.

ANNE You're joking.

MARTIN No, really, it's not in my briefcase.

ANNE Well, it (1) must be in your other bag. Quick have a look.

MARTIN It's not there. Where on earth is it?

ANNE Well, I don't know. Do you think you (2) left it at home?

MARTIN That's impossible. I (3) done. I checked I had it with me four times before I

left the house.

ANNE OK, calm down. What about checking your coat pockets? You never know, it

(4) be there.

MARTIN No, it isn't. This is ridiculous. We're going to miss our flight.

ANNE Look, you (5) be looking in the right place.

CHECK-IN-ATTENDENT Excuse me, sir. Is that your passport there on the ground?

MARTIN Oh, yes, so it is. Ah, I (6) dropped it when 1 was looking for the tickets.

Exercise 12

Use Modal verbs and the appropriate form of the Infinitive.

Then, as though her mind had been struck by a delicate hammer that jarred her sensibilities into abrupt awareness, she thought: something ... (be wrong)! He ... (be home)!

She lay still. What... (happen)? ... she (be) anxious? "But it's so late!" She answered herself. Princey never came home from his Sunday meetings much after midnight.

And he had said that he would return early that night.

The church bell struck twice, telling her that it was already two. She had forgotten that their clock was a little slow, and somehow the added minutes seemed to make his absence more pronounced. Of course the auto ... (break down), she thought. Or ... they (have) an accident? Somewhat tensely she argued against that. If they had had, the police would have notified her, Princey always kept an identification card in his wallet. But what ... it (be) then? If only people had telephones! It ... (be) a matter of a minute to clear things up by calling Jess or William Carmichael.

Exercise 13

Translate the following sentences using active grammar and vocabulary

I.1. Судя по его прежней должности в банке, у него может быть большойопытвзаключении сделок с иностранной валютой. 2. Не может быть, чтобы директор сам ушел в отставку, вероятно, он получил значительноевознаграждение от компании. 3. Резкоеснижениеобъема продаж за рубежом можно объяснить экономическим кризисом. 4. Местоположениечеловека ссотовым телефономлегко можноотследить. 5. Компании устанавливают электронноеоборудование, вероятно, для того, чтобытайком следитьза персоналом. 6. Компании утверждают, что хотя возможно и незаконно подглядывать, но это можно оправдать попытками охранять корпоративные секреты и интеллектуальную собственность. 7. Возможно, он солгал следователям, но не может быть, что он доносчик. 8.Разница в возрастене могла стать причиной их разрыва. 9. Должно быть, он столкнулсяс большими проблемами после переезда в чужую страну. 10. Ее уязвимостьперед стрессом может привести к нервному срыву. 11. Вероятно, ониприняли меры предосторожности, чтобы компьютерныйвирусне разрушил базу данных. 12.Неэффективность право примененияможет привести к росту преступности.

II. Грузовое судно «Мэри Селеста» было построено в Канаде в 1861 году и с самого начало его стали считать невезучим. В ноябре 1872 года судно покинуло Нью- Йорк. Спустя месяц судно было обнаружено на полпути между Азорскими островами и побережьем Португалии. Что произошло с судном и куда подевались люди до сих пор остается загадкой. Было предложено множество объяснений, но ни одно из них не получило подтверждения.

1.Неизвестно, что произошло, но, вероятно, это случилось внезапно. 2. В капитанской каюте на кровати были игрушки. Должно быть, девочка играла, и, вероятно, ей внезапно помешали. 3. На столе была еда. Вероятно, они обедали, или собирались обедать. 4. Исчезла спасательная шлюпка. Они могли тренироваться, как действовать в чрезвычайной ситуации (to practice emergency drill). 5.Должно быть, они сели в шлюпку и спустили ее на воду (to launch). 6.Возможно, был порыв ветра, судно могло сдвинуться вперед и столкнулось со шлюпкой. 7. Но все не могли находиться в шлюпке. 8.Капитану следовало управлять судном. 9.Возможно, он наблюдал за тренировкой и прыгнул в воду спасать остальных.

10.В трюме обнаружили воду. Возможно, команда запаниковала, решив, что судно тонет, и покинула судно. 11. Шлюпка могла затонуть во время шторма. 12. Шлюпку могло отнести ветром, и все умерли от голода и жажду. 13. Возможно, они достигли суши, но были ограблены или убиты. 14. Акула или кит могли перевернуть шлюпку.

15.Вполне возможно, что все было спланировано для получения денег, обещанных за спасение. 16. Корабль мог и не быть брошен, и ни одна из историй не является правдивой.

REVISION

Translate the following sentences into English