Lesson 2. Occurrence of metals Task 1. Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: ore, constituent, absorption, mineral, metallurgy

Task 2. Read about occurrence of metals and fill in the appropriate headings to each abstract.

Metals occur most commonly as oxides or sulphides in ores. They must be separated from gangue materials such as clay, silica, granite, etc. Nowadays, aluminium, magnesium and sodium have become common due to the development of electrochemi­cal processes for their production. But the most widely used metals are: iron, copper, zinc, tin, lead, mercury, silver and gold.

The most important metal is iron. Iron was used in the earliest times of which we have any historical records. The art of making weapons from iron was known to the Egyptians and Hindoos.

The metal is widely distributed in nature in the form of silicates, oxides, and the sulphide, FeS. The chief ores of the metal are hematite, Fe₂O₃, limonite, 2Fe₂O₃-3H₂O, magnetite, Fe₃O₄, and siderite, FeCO₃. Iron occurs in plants and animals as a constituent of complex organic compounds. It is present in the haemoglobin of the blood and is involved in this condition in the absorption of oxygen in the lungs.

The naturally occurring materials containing compounds of the metals which may be economically extracted are called ores. The definite chemical compound of the metal in the ore is termed a mineral. The name gangue is applied to the constituents of the ore other than the mineral containing the metal to be extracted.

Iron is obtained by reducing its ores with carbon. The ores contain, in addition to the oxides and carbonate of the metal, small amounts of combined sulphur, phosphorus, and manganese and are mixed with more or less sand and clay. The metals from lithium down to manganese are obtained by electrolysis of melted compounds that conduct an electric current.

The science which treats of the methods used to obtain the metals in the free condition from compounds that occur in nature is called metallurgy.

Task 3. Give English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

відокремлювати, використовувати, розповсюджуватись, містити, видобувати, застосовувати, відновлювати, змішувати, отримувати, поєднувати (сполучати), плавити, глина, кремній, натрій, електромеханічні якості, виробництво, свинець, срібло, олово, історичні записи, органічні сполуки, гемоглобін, поглинання кисню, здобувати, руди, розкислювати руди вуглецем, невелика кількість, проводити електричний струм

Task 4. Translate and memorize the names of some metals, materials and ores:

clay, silica, granite, aluminium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, tin, lead, mercury, silver, gold, sulphur, phosphorus, manganese, sand, lithium, oxygen, hematite, limonite, magnetite, siderite, gangue materials, lead, to reduce the ores with carbon, to extract the metal, chemical compound, to make weapon, melted compounds, to conduct an electric current

Task 5. Make up sentences from the proposed parts:

Ores Mineral Gangue Metallurgy

are is

the definite chemical compound of the metal in the ore. the science which treats of the methods used to obtain the metals. the constituents of the ore other than the mineral. materials containing compounds of the metals which may be economically extracted.

Task 6. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words and word combinations according to the text ‘Occurrence of metals’. The following words and word combinations you may use in the following sentences:

ores, an electric current, obtained, absorption, compounds, separated.

1. Metals occur most commonly as oxides or sulphides in _____ .

2. They must be ______ from gangue materials such as clay, silica, granite, etc.

3. Iron occurs in plants and animals as a constituent of complex organic ______ .

4. It is present in the haemoglobin of the blood and is involved in this condition in the ______ of oxygen in the lungs.

5. Iron is _______ by reducing its ores with carbon.

6. The metals from lithium down to manganese are obtained by electrolysis of melted compounds that conduct _______ ______ .

Task 7. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Перед використанням, матеріали слід відокремити від пустої породи.

2. На сьогодні багато металів виробляються електрохімічними методами.

3. Залізо залишається найважливішим металом з незапам’ятних часів.

4. Залізо наявне в тваринах та рослинах як складовий компонент більш складних органічних речовин.

5. Щоб отримати залізо нам слід відновити його руду з вуглецем.

6. Металургія це наука про отримання металів різними методами.

Task 8. Put the verbs in brackets in proper tense form:

1. Iron (to find) in the crust only in combination with oxygen or sulfur.

2. Even in the narrow range of concentrations that make up steel, mixtures of carbon and iron (to form) into a number of different structures.

3. Crucible steel is steel that (to melt), with the result that it is more homogeneous than if it had not been.

4. Steel has been easier to obtain and much cheaper, and it (to replace) wrought iron for a multitude of purposes.

5. Copper has its characteristic color because it (to reflect) red and orange light due to its band structure.

6. Copper (to occupy) the same family of the periodic table as silver and gold.

Task 9. Answer the following questions:

1. How do metals occur most commonly?

2. What is the most important metal?

3. When was iron first used?

4. What is the chief ores of the iron?

5. How is iron obtained from the ore?

Task 10. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

1.	absorption	поглинання, всмоктування
2.	art	мистецтво
3.	carbon	вуглець
4.	clay	глина
5.	constituent	компонент
6.	to distribute	розповсюджувати
7.	electrochemi­cal process	електрохімічний процес
8.	electrolysis	електроліз
9.	electric current	електричний струм
10.	to extract	добувати, отримувати
11.	gangue materials	пуста порода
12.	granite	гранит
13.	historical records	історичні згадки (записи)
14.	to involve	охоплювати, включати в себе
15.	lungs	легені
16.	metallurgy	металургія
17.	to occur	залягати
18.	organic compound	органічне поєднання
19.	ore	руда
20.	oxygen	кисень
21.	to reduce	зменшувати, відновлювати
22.	sand	пісок
23.	silica	кварц
24.	to treat	обробляти
25.	weapon	зброя

Lesson 3.