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Integer, refining, profusion, to improve, destructive

Task 7. Write the following numerals by words:

12, 2nd, 135, 574234, 1111, 1985 (year), 1/6, Ѕ, 1000000000

Task 8. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the word "pollution" mean?

2. Where does such contamination originate from?

3. What rivers are the most polluted?

4. Where are the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides washed off?

5. Tell about the conditions in the Sea of Azov.

6. What caused a dramatic drop in fish catches in the Sea of Azov?

7. What has happened to the sea's salinity?

Task 9. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

1.

to attain

досягати

2.

coke-chemical plant

коксохімічний завод

3.

contamination

зараження, забруднення

4.

converter

перетворювач

5.

density

густина

6.

deterioration

погіршення

7.

diversion

відхилення

8.

endowment

внесок

9.

environment

навколишнє середовище

10.

evident

наявний, справжній

11.

to fan

сіяти, засівати

12.

fertilizer

добриво

13.

harmful substances

шкідливі речовини

14.

irrigation

полив, зрошування

15.

landscape

ландшафт

16.

mill

металургійний завод, фабрика, фреза

17.

notably

особливо, помітно

18.

to originate

походити, мати походження

19.

overwhelming proportions

величезні пропорції

20.

pollution

забруднення

21.

population density

густина населення

22.

severe

суворий

23.

surface

поверхня

24.

thermal power plant

теплова електростанція (ТЕС)

25.

undesirable

небажаний, незручний

Lesson 7.

Automation and labour

Task 1. What do you know about automation in our country?

Task 2. Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: automatic control, automation, automated production lines

Task 3. You are going to read about automation and labour. Choose the most suitable heading from the list (A-G) for each part 1-6. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use:

A Advantages of automation

B Ukraine is highly automated country

C The principal direction of automation

D Influence of automation on social life

E Main components of automation

F Expansion of automation into all branches of production

G Role of man in the process of automated production

1. ____________

It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through the automation of production. Quite recently, only some decades ago, even the words "automation", "automatic control" seldom appeared on the pages of the press or scientific publications. In the early forties the position radically changed. Soon automatic control was recognized throughout the world to be a new, progressive, independent branch of science and engineering. Today one cannot imagine technical progress without automation.

2. ________________

Automation may be defined as "the accomplishment of a job by an integrated mechanism with a minimum assistance of any kind". In fact, automation is the integration of four independent compounds which have been linked together into a single process. These integral parts of automation are: transfer machining, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineering.

3. ______________

Emphasis should be made that automation is not a mere extension of mechanization, but a qualitatively new step in technological development. It brought about radical changes in the technological nature of the relationship between man and machine. In mechanization the function of the direct effect on the object of labour was transferred to the working mechanism. Here, man remained the principal agent of the technological process. He retained the functions of control, regulation, maintaining machines and direct intervention in production process. With the advent of automation these functions were transferred to the mechanical device. The automation of production enables man to operate machines with the help of other machines. Now machines discharge not only production but also intellectual, and in some cases even physiological functions.

4. _______________

Our country has many thousands of comprehensively mechanized and automated enterprises and workshops. The mechanized and automated production lines replace or lighten the work of a tremendous number of workers. All the hydropower plants in the country have been completely automated. Every year thousands of automated control systems go into operation at agricultural, communication, trade, transport enterprises and organizations.

5. ______________

Modern means of automation make it possible to link up in a single complex the whole technological chain: machine designing, equipment and rigging, control of a technological process, control of the whole enterprise. This has been made possible due to the extensive development and mass production of new types of computer technology, from large computers to microprocessors.

Comprehensive automation calls for material inputs and time. But the economic effect from the release of "living labour", the intensification of production, the higher quality of output and more flexible technology make up for the inputs, while, on the social plane, it gives opportunities for creative work by both the makers of this technology and its users.

Thus, now the main trend in automation is developing not merely automatic machines, but entire technological processes and systems whose functioning excludes the direct involvement of men.

6. ________________

Complex automation makes an important impact on social, economic and political areas. Automation contributes to a steady rise in the material and cultural well-being of the people, to a substantial increase in the living standards of the people. The automation helps to obliterate the frontiers separating brain work from physical labour. It creates a basis for raising the intellectual level, for the all-round and harmonious development of the individual and his unprecedented cultural flowering.

Task 4. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and expressions:

науковий та технологічний прогрес, автоматизація виробництва, автоматичне управління, незалежна галузь науки та машинобудування, виконання роботи, автоматична збірка, організація технічного контролю, основний елемент, механічний прилад, автоматизовані підприємства, гідроелектростанція, гідроелектростанція, техніка зв’язку, управління технологічним процесом

Task 5. Translate into Ukrainian the following words and word combinations:

principal direction, automatic control, independent branch of science and engineering, the accomplishment of a job, minimum assistance, transfer machining, automatic assembly, control engineering, principal agent, direct intervention in production process, mechanical device, mechanized and automated enterprises and workshops, the mechanized and automated production lines, agricultural, communication, trade, transport enterprises, machine designing, equipment and rigging, control of the whole enterprise, cultural well-being of the people

Task 6. Make up word combinations from the following words:

1. harmonious

a) agent

2. brain

b) technology

3. working

c) chain

4. principal

d) control

5. computer

e) mechanism

6. technological

f) function

7. automatic

g) development

8. physiological

h) work

Task 7. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Науково-технологічний прогрес зробив можливим перехід від механічного до автоматичного виробництва.

2. Техніка зв’язку є невід’ємною частиною автоматизації.

3. Автоматизація замінила людське втручання на програмовані машини.

4. Зараз машини виконують всю людську роботу, від розробки до кінцевого виробництва.

5. Всі гідроелектростанції управляються автоматично, без людського втручання.

6. Автоматизація виробництва дала людині можливість працювати в більш креативному русі.

Task 8. Fill in the blanks with the, a, an:

1. ____ air is essential for life.

2. Most of ____ great inventors live and work in ____ Ukraine.

3. He gives lectures twice ____ week.

4. He traveled by ____ train.

5. ___ Black Sea belongs to ___ Kyiv.

6. Fleming discovered penicillin in ____ evening.

Task 9. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

1.

accomplishment

виконання

2.

to appear

з’являтися, виникати

3.

assistance

підтримка, допомога

4.

automatic control

автоматичне управління

5.

branch

галузь

6.

to call for

потрібен, призначений для

7.

communication engineering

техніка зв’язку

8.

comprehensive automation

комплексна автоматизація

9.

control engineering

техніка автоматичного управління

10.

to define

визначати, давати визначення

11.

direct effect

безпосередній вплив

12.

to enable

робити можливим

13.

frontier

межа

14.

to change

змінювати

15.

hydropower plant

гідроелектростанція

16.

to imagine

уявляти, припускати

17.

impact

вплив

18.

intervention

втручання

19.

involvement

участь

20.

to lighten

полегшувати, спрощувати

21.

to link up

з’єднувати

22.

principal

головний, основний

23.

relationship

відносини

24.

technological chain

технологічний ланцюг

25.

tremendous number

велика кількість

Lesson 8.

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