- •The national technical university of ukraine.
- •Science in ukraine
- •From the history of computer
- •What is a computer?
- •Economic-technological development and ecology problems
- •Pollution in ukraine
- •Integer, refining, profusion, to improve, destructive
- •Automation and labour
- •Automatic control in industry
- •Economy and industry of ukraine
- •Industry of great britain
- •Lesson 1. Metals
- •Lesson 2. Occurrence of metals Task 1. Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: ore, constituent, absorption, mineral, metallurgy
- •Properties of metals
- •Density, hardness, heat conductivity, electrical conductivity, weight
- •Blast furnace. Cupola melting
- •Open hearth furnace. The electric furnace
- •The electric furnace. The finest grades of steel are produced by the electric furnace method. Stainless and heat resistant steels are made almost exclusively by that process.
- •Ferrous metals
- •Properties of engineering materials
- •Problem of engineering materials
From the history of computer
Task 1. What do you know about computer and its history?
Task 2. Imagine your own computer. What must it do? Present you decision in few words.
Task 3. You are going to read about history of computer. Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (1).
A But he never built it.
B In their opinion, computers block the imagination and spontaneity of young people.
C The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers.
D You can use a computer to write a letter, design a house, draw a picture or exchange messages with someone around the world.
E Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.
F Every day we hear about new uses of the computer.
G There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid.
H It used thousands of electrical switches that clicked on and off to compute data.
The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. 1. C But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.
The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.
The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count. 2. _________ Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.
In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. 3. __________ If Babbage had been able to get enough money to build the computer, the analytical engine would have been as big as a locomotive. It would have been able to store 1,000 50-digit numbers.
During the 70 years following Babbage's death in 1871, computer scientists improved on Babbage's original idea. In 1939, Harvard University physicist Howard Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer. 4. ___________ It was much slower than later computers, which use electronic components instead of switches.
In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950. Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dniepr were created in our country.
5. __________ An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.
Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilisation of atomic energy.
Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning, analysing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses. Computers are everywhere. 6. _______________
Computer technology is a rapidly growing industry. According to the technical experts it is very educational. They say that computers help children to learn much more quickly. In some Japanese elementary schools there are already lessons on using computers. For older children the electronic diary was produced. Many young people in Tokyo use it for taking notes, doing homework, drawing and keeping telephone numbers. There's also some equipment which is like an electronic teacher. This computer answers questions on all scholastic subjects from biology to geography. At home the computer is becoming a kind of technological grandmother. It sings nursery rhymes, tells fairy stories and helps with homework.
But young people's true passion is videogames. Some experts are alarmed. 7. ____________ And there are a lot of videogames which are violent and not educational.
Task 4. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and expressions:
освічена людина, суттєві/базові знання, найбільш дивовижне досягнення людства, помітки на глині, винахідник, аналітичний двигун, попередник, комп’ютер змішаного типу, розробка ракет, прогноз погоди, електронний щоденник, для того щоб, найпростіша мова програмування, більш повний, виводити математичні формули, перевага, програмне забезпечення, комп’ютерне обладнання, надзвичайний технологічний розвиток, промислове підприємство, ефективна робота
Task 5. Translate into Ukrainian the following words and word combinations:
a data storage system, knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus, keeping track of numbers, as big as a locomotive, the forerunner of today's computer, exchange messages with someone, rapidly growing industry, a kind of technological grandmother, true passion is videogames, communicate with the computer, the first mechanical calculator, a problem oriented high level programming language, a household word, to indicate the degree of modernity, the working out, one thing in common
Task 6. Explain next words and word combinations in English without translation:
computer, knowledge, forerunner, digital computer, PASCAL, software, hardware
Task 7. Make up word combinations from the following words:
-
1. analytical
a) computer
2. missile
b) knowledge
3. data storage
c) schools
4. elementary
d) engine
5. electronic digital
e) measurements
6. weather
f) system
7. significant
g) design
8. numerical
h) forecasting
Task 8. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Сучасна освічена людина повинна мати знання з історії, науки та комп’ютера.
2. Англійський винахідник першим розробив комп’ютер, але не побудував його.
3. Існує три типи комп’ютерів, найкращій з них – змішаного типу.
4. За допомогою комп’ютера ми можемо проводити медичну діагностику та прогнозувати погоду.
5. Комп’ютерна промисловість швидко розвивається.
6. Перший цифровий комп’ютер в Україні було розроблено в 1950 році.
Task 9. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.
2. Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind.
3. Experts say that computers help children to learn much more quickly.
4. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits.
5. In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.
Task 10. Memorize the following words and word combinations:
-
1.
achievement
досягнення
2.
abacus
абак, рахівниці
3.
clay
глина
4.
to combine
поєднувати, об’єднувати
5.
to compare
порівнювати
6.
to compute
рахувати
7.
daily use
повсякденне використання
8.
data storage system
система збереження даних
9.
electronic diary
електронний щоденник
10.
equipment
обладнання
11.
forerunner
попередник
12.
hybrid
змішаного типу
13.
imagination
уява
14.
to improve
покращувати
15.
mankind
людство
16.
missile
реактивний снаряд, ракета
17.
modernity
сучасність
18.
notes
нотатки
19.
numerical measurements
числові вимірювання
20.
scholastic
учбовий, шкільний
21.
steam-engine
паровий двигун
22.
to store
зберігати
23.
switch
перемикач
24.
violent
інтенсивний, насильницький
25.
weather forecasting
прогноз погоди
Lesson 4.