Pollution in ukraine

Task 1. How can we protect our country from pollution?

Task 2. What kinds of pollution do you know?

Task 3. You are going to read about pollution in Ukraine. Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences (A-G) the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (1).

A Other Ukrainian cities with major chronic air pollution problems include Kyiv, Komunarsk, Makiivka and Odesa.

B The ma­jority of states support initiatives and proposals of our country on Nature Conservation.

C Hundreds of small rivers supply water for three-quarters of the villages and half of Ukraine's cities.

D Moreover, surface runoff from industrial territories is highly contaminated.

E As a result the sea's salinity has increased by more than 40 per cent since the 1950s.

F Such contamination originates from human activities that create waste products.

G Almost all surface waters of Ukraine belong to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov basins.

Pollution is the contamination of the environment, including air, water, and land, with undesirable amounts of material or energy. 1 ____F_____ An industrial and intensively fanned country, Ukraine contains some of the most polluted landscapes in Eastern Europe. Pollution became evident in Ukraine with industrial development in the 19th century.

Air pollution is especially severe in many of the heavily industrialized cities and towns of south-eastern Ukraine, notably in Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia. Coal-using industries, such as metallurgical coke-chemical plants, steel mills, and thermal power plants are major sources of high levels of uncontrolled emissions of sulphur dioxide, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, and other harmful substances. 2. ___________

Over one-third of the emissions into the atmosphere originate from automobile transport. That source, which attains overwhelming proportions in cities with little industry, such as Uzhhorod, Yalta, Poltava and Khmelnytskiy, is aggravated by the use of leaded gasoline and inefficient engines as well as a lack of catalytic converters. 3. _________ The high population density, heavy industrial development, and relatively low freshwater endowment of those basins, and the low governmental priority placed upon environmental protection until very recently, have given rise to chronic and serious levels of water pollution throughout Ukraine.

The Dnister and the Danube are included among the most polluted bodies of water in the territory of the former Soviet Union. 4. _________ Widespread fear is growing in Ukraine that a substantial fraction of those water arteries are so polluted as to pose fatal health risks to the people who depend on them. About half of the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides applied in the fields are washed off into rivers. 5. _______ One of the areas suffering most from serious and chronic coastal water pollution is the Sea of Azov. That shallow and previously biologically rich and commercially productive body of water has experienced serious problems of industrial and municipal waste-water contamination and increased levels of salinity since the early 1970s.

A primary cause of the sea's ecological deterioration has been the diversion for purposes of irrigation ( up to 80 per cent) of fresh, but not necessarily pure, water inflow from the Don and the Kuban rivers. 6. __________ Combined with pollution that increase has resulted in a dramatic drop in fish catches (by 60—90 per cent). Despite repeated warnings and special government anti-pollution resolutions, the conditions in the Sea of Azov continue to deteriorate.

Task 4. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and expressions:

відходи, промисловості, що використовують вугілля, металургійні коксо-хімічні заводи, сталеливарні заводи, теплова електростанція, величезні пропорції, бензинові та малоефективні двигуни, каталітичний дожигатель вихлопних газів, поверхневі води, висока густина населення, вимиватися в ріки, поверхневий стік, забруднений, підвищений рівень солоності, екологічне погіршення, зрошування

Task 5. Translate into Ukrainian the following words and word combinations:

contamination of the environment, intensively fanned country, the most polluted landscape, heavily industrialized cities, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, harmful substances, automobile transport, freshwater endowment, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, anti-pollution resolutions

Task 6. Find in the text antonyms to the following words and word combinations: