Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

chisel [tfizl] —долото,зубило

to chip(of) [t/ip] —тесать,рубитьнащепу,стругать

file [fail] —напильник

scraper ['skreipo] —шабер

screwdriver [' skru: , dr a i vs] —отвертка

spanner [' spsena] —гаечныйключ

blank [blaegk] —болванка,заготовка,черноваяформа

groove [gru: v] — выемка, желобок, нарезка, паз

slot [' slot] — прорезь, паз

keyway [' ki :, wei] — шпоночная канавка

rectangular [rek' tasijgjula] — прямоугольный

triangular [trai ' geijgjulo] — треугольный

strip [strip] — полоса, планка, рейка

precise [pri ' sais] — точный

curved [ko:vd] — изогнутый, кривой

mating [ 'meitiq] — соединенный, сцепленный

to screw [skru: ] — привинчивать

nut [rut] — гайка

tightening ['taitnir)] — натяжение, набивка, уплотнение

oilstone ['oil, stoun] — оселок, шлифовальный круг

accuracy [ 'sekjurasi] —точность

inside [, in' said] —внутри

outside [aut' said] —снаружи

angle [' £ei]gl | —угол

Word combinations for connecting reading:

vernier caliper — штанген-циркульснониусомsteel rule —стальнаялинейкаcombination bevel protractor —угломер

TEXT

Many tools are used by the bench workers, among them are: chisels, files, scrapers, screwdrivers, spanners and others.

Chisels are widely used forchipping off layers of metal from the surface of jobs, for cuttingblanks in parts, as well as for cuttinggrooves, slots andkeyways.

Files are cutting tools. They are of different sizes and shapes, with a series of small cuttings or teeth on their working surfaces — sides and edges. Files are manu-factured in sizes ranging from 100 to 400 mm in length.

Scrapers arerectangular ortriangular steelstrips with cutting edges on one end. These cutting tools are used forprecise finish of flat andcurved surfaces in cases when it is necessary to obtain perfectmating surfaces on contacting parts.

Screwdrivers are used for most ordinary works such asscrewing in and out screws.

Spanners are used fortightening and removing bolts andnuts.

Oilstones are necessary for sharpening and dressing practically every kind of straight-edge cutting tools after they have been ground.

The vernier caliper is an instrument used for measuring inside or outside linear dimensions with greateraccuracy than can be obtained with the rule.

The steel rule is used for measuringinside andout-side linear dimensions.

The combination bevel protractor (angle) is used for measuring and laying out variousangles on surfaces being marked out.

I®¹

Exercise 1.1. End the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

for chipping off layers of metal; for cutting blanks in parts; with a series of small teeth; from the surface of jobs; for sharpening and dressing straight-edge cutting tools; for measuring dimensions; for removing bolts and nuts.

с поверхности обрабатываемых изделий; для нарезки загото­вок деталей; для снятия слоев металла; с множеством небольших зубьев; для отвинчивания болтов и гаек; для измерения разме­ров; для заточки и заправки режущих инструментов с прямоуголь­ной кромкой.

Exercise 1.2. Answer the questions:

1. What mechanic’s tools do you know?

2. What processes are chisels used for?

3. What are the size of files?

4. What are scrapers?

5. What tool is performed for most ordinary work such as screwing in and out screws used?

6. What is the vernier caliper?

Exercise 1.3. Complete the sentences choosing one of the appropriate variants:

1. Chisels are used for ...

2. ... is used for measuring inside and outside linear dimensions.

3. Spanners are used for tightening ...

4. ... are rectangular or triangular steel strips with cutting edges on one end.

5. ... are used for precise finish of...

scrapers; cutting blanks in parts and grooves; flat and curved surfaces; the steel rule; are removing bolts and nuts; vernier caliper.

Exercise 1.4. Find the wrong statements and correct them:

1. The steel rule is used for measuring angles on surfaces.

2. Files are of different sizes and shapes with rectangular and triangular strips.

3. Screwdrivers are used for sharpening and removing cutting tools.

4. The combination bevel protractor is used for measuring linear dimensions with greater accuracy than can be obtained with the rule.

5. Oilstones are necessary for chipping off layers of metal from the surface of jobs.

Exercise 1.5. Translate into English:

1. Зубило используют для нарезки заготовок детали и для нарезки шпоночных канавок.

2. С помощью зубила удаляют излишки металла с поверхно­сти обрабатываемых изделий.

3. Шаберы используют для обработки плоских и изогнутых поверхностей.

4. Отвертки используют для привинчивания и отвинчивания винтов.

5. Штанген-циркулем размеры измеряются с большей точ­ностью, чем стальной линейкой.

6. Напильники — это режущие инструменты с серией режу­щих зубьев.

7. С помощью гаечных ключей отвинчивают и привинчива­ют болты и гайки.

9. Text С OPERATIONS

даШч

Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

pneumatic [nju: 'mastik] —пневматическийhammer [' haema] —молотокstraightening [' streitnir)] —рихтовкаelimination [ilimi 'neijn] —устранение

bending [' bend i13J —сгибание

filing [ ' failiij] —опиловка

hole [houl] —отверстие

drilling ['driliq] —сверление

solid [' solid] —твердый

boring [' bo riql —расточка

riveting [' rivitiij] —клепка

lapping [' lspir)] —притирка

scraping [' skreipiij] —шабрение

tinning [' tinirj] — лужение, покрытие оловом

tin [tin] —олово

solder [' solda] —паяльник

soldering [' soldoriij] —пайка

alloy ['aeloi] —сплав

Word combinations for connecting reading:

metal chiselling —рубкаметаллаsoft soldering —пайкамягкимприпоем

TEXT

Metal chiselling. This operation may be manual or mechanized. Hand chiselling is hard work and takes up much time. It can be made easier when mechanized with the aid of apneumatic hammer.

Straightening. This operation is being performed when bench workers receive bent or twisted blanks of metal, theelimination of these defects of the blanks is called straightening. Metal can be straightened either mechanically (with the aid of straightening rolls, presses or other devices) or manually, by using hand hammers.

Bending operations are applied when making many articles from sheet, flat and round steel. Workpieces are bent to a definite radius or to a rounded up angle.

Filing is the process of removing a layer of metal from a workpiece with cutting tool called a file.

Drilling is an operation of makingholes in asolid piece of material by means of cutting tool known as a drill.

Boring is the operation of increasing the diameter of an existing hole with a drill.

By riveting we understand the operation of fastening two or more parts with rivets. Rivets are cylindrical metal rods, with heads. They are employed for fastening parts, metal plates, bars, which are not to be subjected to disassembly.

Lapping is a refined process which is applied in facing up external and internal surfaces of parts, cylindrical, flat, formed, requiring great precision and extremely fine quality of face finish. It is performed with a special tool, called a lap. It is one of the most accurate methods.

By scraping is understood the operation of accurately finishing the surface of a workpiece by removing a very thin layer of metal with a cutting tool called a scraper.

Tinning is a protective coating oftin or solder applied to the surface of metals.

Soldering is the process of permanently joining two parts with specialalloys, known assolders.

Exercise 1.1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

takes up much time; twisted blanks of metal; making articles from sheet; the process of removing a layer of metal; increasing the diameter of a hole; the operation of fastening parts with rivets; the operation of finishing the surface; the process of joining two parts.

увеличение диаметра отверстия; скрепление деталей заклеп­ками; чистовая обработка поверхности; процесс соединения двух деталей; занимает много времени; процесс удаления (снятия) слоя металла; витые (скрученные) металлические заготовки; изготов­ление изделий из листового железа.

Exercise 1.2. Answer the questions:

1. When doesn’t metal chiselling take up much time and can be made easier?

2. When is straightening performed?

3. What is bending?

4. What operation is the hole made of?

5. What purposes are rivets employed for?

6. What is lapping?

7. How is the process of permanently joining two parts called?

Exercise 1.3. Complete the sentences choosing one of the appropriate variants:

1. Mechanized metal chiselling is made with the aid of...

1. hand hammer;

2. file;

3. pneumatic hammer.

2. The elimination of bent or twisted blanks of metal is called ...

1. drilling;

2. tightening;

3. straightening.

3. When making bending operations workpieces ... to a definite radius.

1. are drilled;

2. are bored;

3. are bent.

4. Drilling is an operation of ...

1. flat surfaces of parts;

2. making holes;

3. joining parts.

5. ... are employed for fastening parts.

1. solders;

2. scrapers;

3. rivets.

6. The operations of removing metal from a workpiece are ...

1. tinning and lapping;

2. scraping and drilling;

3. scraping and filing.

7. ...is used after drilling.

1. filing;

2. boring;

3. soldering.

Exercise 1.4. Find the wrong statements and correct them:

1. Filing is the process of removing a layer of metal with a scraper.

2. Drilling is the operation of increasing the diameter of a hole with a drill.

3. Lapping is applied in flat and cylindrical parts.

4. Bending operations are employed for fastening part and making articles from sheet.

5. The process of permanently joining two parts is riveting.

Exercise 1.5. Translate into English:

1. Ручная рубка занимает много времени.

2. Опиловка — это процесс снятия металла с детали напиль­ником.

3. С помощью рихтовки удаляют дефекты в изогнутых заго­товках.

4. Шабрение — это обработка поверхности детали шабером.

5. Расточка — это увеличение диаметра ранее высверленных отверстий.

6. Для скрепления металлических брусков применяют метал­лические прутья — заклепки.

10. Text В

MACHINING OF METALS

Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

machining [тэ'/i : nit)] —обработкаremove [ri ' mu: v] —удалять,сниматьchip [tfip] —стружка

turning [' ts: niij] — вращение, обточка, токарная обработка

planning [' pleiniij] — строгание

shaping [ 'Jeipii}] — придание формы

drilling ['drilirj] —сверление

boring ['bo:riri] —расточка

reaming ['ri:mir)] — развертывание, раззенкование

sawing [' so: iq] — пиление, распиловка

broaching [' broutfi о] — протяжка, прошивка

milling ['miliij] — фрезерование, измельчение

grinding [' graindiijJ — дробление, шлифовка

steam [sti :m] — паровой

engine [' end3in] —двигатель,машина

basis ['beisis] —основа,база

production [ргэ' dAkJn] — производство

design [di ' zain] — проектировать, предназначать

to reflect [ri ' f lekt] —отражать

development [di'velapmant] —развитие

engineering [, end3i ' nioriq] —техника,машиностроение

diamond [' daiomond| —алмаз

carbon [' ka: ban] —углерод

stellite ['stelait] —стеллит

carbide ['ka:baid] —карбид

abrasive [э'breisiv] —шлифующий,абразивный

distinction [dis' tiijkjbn] —различие,отличие

to initiate [i 'nij'ieit] —начинать,ознакомить

hole [haul] —отверстие

to enlarge [in' la: d3] —увеличивать

accurate [ 'aekjurit] —точный,калиброванный

size [saiz] —размер

smooth [smu: 5] — гладкий, плавный

cutter [' kAta] — фреза, режущий инструмент

broach [broutj] — фреза, режущий инструмент

series [' siari : z] — серия

to push [puj] —толкать

to pull [pul] —тянуть,тащить

surface ['sa:fis] —поверхность

shape [feip] —форма

hardened [' ha: dondj —закаленный

to rotate [rou' teit] —вращать

wheel [wi :1] —колесо

internal [in'taml] —внутренний

Word combinations for connected reading:

removing chips —снятиестружки

steam engine —паровойдвигатель(машина)

cutting tools — режущие инструменты

accurate size — точный размер

with a rotating wheel — вращением колеса

drilling initiates a hole — отверстие начинается со сверления

stellite carbides —стеллитныекарбиды

TEXT

The machining of metals is the process ofremoving chips from the metal parts. These processes includeturning, planning, shaping, drilling, boring, reaming, sawing, broach-ing, milling andgrinding. They have been greatly developed since the development of thesteam engine. Machining operations lie at thebasis of all modern industrialproduc-tion. In thedesign of a modern machine of any typeare reflected the latestdevelopments of practically all the otherengineering industries. A horizontal milling machine, shown in Figure, may be used as an example. Six chief hard materials are used in machining ascutting tools. These arediamonds, carbon, tool steel,high-speed steel,stellite carbides andabrasive materials.