3. Language of a scientific report

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1. Present information prepared about language means in scientific report.

2. Get feedback of your group mates and answer their questions.

3. Read the text Rapid Communication Shyness, Internet Use, and Personality (for the text see the previous section) and identify the language means the authors used. Do they correspond to the language means you just discussed?

4. The usage of language means used in scientific prose usually depends on the step of research. Study the steps of research and examples of sentenses used to describe them.

Steps of research and the examples of structural patterns used

Classifying Identification of objects or fenomena as a member of a particular group. Classification includes a general class, a specific item or items, and a basis for classification.	All matter may be classified as solid, liquid, or gas. Oxygen is an example of a gas.
Comparing Another way of organizing information, but it also expends it and provides a new perspective on information. It usually concentrates on similarities.	Magnesium is like (similar to, comparable to, as impotant as) aluminium. Magnesium resembles (parallels) aluminium in many ways
Contransting The phenomenon opposite to comparing. it concentrates on differences	Iron is unlike (is different from, differs from) aluminium. Unlike iron (in contrast to iron, compared to iron, in comparison to iron) aluminium is light.
Cause and effect Every natural event has a natural cause. This event is effect. Causes explain why something happens. Effects describe outcomes. In a sentence effect may precede or follow the cause.	A mixing of all wavelength causes (results in, produces, induces) a white light. White light is caused by (due to, induced by, produced by) a mixing of all wavelength. A white light is produced (if, when, as) all the wave length are mixed.
Hypothesizing Hypothesis is a tentative o temporary solution to a scientific problem which is based on observations or facts.	All bodies fall at equal rates. If an object does not meet with resistance, it will continue to move at a constant speed even if no force is applied. Galileo
Defining It is used to eliminate misunderstanding. Definition consists of a term, a general class word and specific characteristics (1) or term, specific characteristic and a general class word (2)	(1) Conduction is a process by which heat is transferred. (2) A triangle is a three-sided plane figure.
Exemplifying Examples are used to explain or clarify a concept and to give evidence to support it. Examples are not always marked with kewords (for example, for instance, to illustrate.)	The physical state of a substance is affected by its temperature. For example, at a temperature of 0^0C below, water is a solid. The size of an object is affected by temperature. A glass may break
Giving evidence Every hypothesis needs an evidence, Which is a result of observation or experimentation , combined with reasoning Words to introduce evidence are to indicate, to demonstrate, to confirm.	Smoking is related to many hart and circulatory ailments. It has been demonstrated that nicotine increases the rate of the heart.
Deductive and inductive reasoning They are used to move from reasoning to a conclusion. Deductive reasoning moves from general assumption to a conclusion. Inductive reasoning moves from a specific observation to a general conclusion. The latter can lead to falce conclusions.	All metals are good conductor of electricity. Zink is a metal. Therefore, zink is a good conductor of electricity. If air is observed to expand or contract to fill any container, the assumption might be made that all gases behave this way.
Reporting It is used to inform about observations and discoveries and communicate ideas.	Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859. Biologists have recently made new discoveries.
Describing The nature of something can be explained by describing it. One can describe conditions, results of an experiment, chemical changes, the characteristic or distinctive features of an object.	The texture of sand is rough and granular. Blue stars are extremely hot.
Predicting A prediction is a claim that something will happen.	The eclipse will be hidden by the clouds. If the ecclipce will be hidden, the photos will be ruined.

Based on LSP English of Professional Communication by Галина Гумовская

5. Read the following texts. Determine what step of scientific research they correspond to.

(1) Ozone is a three-atom form of oxygen gas. It is found both in the air people breathe and in the upper atmosphere. Near the Earth ozone in the air is a danger to life. It is a pollutant. But ozone found 10 kilometers to 50 kilometers up in the atmosphere protects life on the Earth. Ozone forms in the atmosphere through the action of solar radiation. Once formed, the ozone blocks harmful radiation from reaching the Earth.

(2) AIDS is a life threatening sickness that attacks the body’s natural defense system against disease. It can destroy the body’s ability to protect itself. AIDS itself does not kill. But because the body’s defense system is damaged, the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases – including pneumonia, cancer, blindness and mental disorders. AIDS is caused by a virus. The virus invades healthy cells, including white blood cells that are part of our defense system against disease. It takes control of the healthy cell’s genetic material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies. And the viral particles move on to invade and kill more healthy cells.

LSP English of Professional Communication by Галина Гумовская

6. Look through the text Rapid Communication Shyness, Internet Use, and Personality. Find the sentences which represent different steps of research. Defend your opinion.

7. Search for scientific reports to make an electronic presentation. (Students should submit them to the teacher before presentation making).