- •Программа государственного междисциплинарного экзамена по специальности
- •«Филология»
- •(Английский язык)
- •Ижевск – 2007
- •Part I. State exam aspects
- •1.1.Introduction(государственный образовательный стандарт специальности 021700 – филология)
- •1.2. Literary Genres
- •Functional Styles and Types of Writing in Modern English Prose Fiction Writing (The Belles-lettres Style)
- •Prose Nonfiction Writing (The Belles-lettres Style)
- •Other Kinds of Writing
- •Technical Writing
- •Scientific Writing (The Style of Scientific Prose)
- •Writing for the Press
- •2. Newspaper Style
- •Official Writing (The Style of Official Documents)
- •Everyday Writing (Colloquial Style)
- •1.3.Contents and Authors
- •Richard aldington (1892-1962)
- •Isaac asimov (1920-1992)
- •James graham ballard (b. 1930)
- •Ray douglas bradbury (b. 1920)
- •Agatha christie (1891-1976)
- •Archibald joseph cronin (1896-1981)
- •John galsworthy (1867-1933)
- •William golding (1911-1993)
- •Henry graham greene (1904-1991)
- •Arthur hailey (1920-2004)
- •Karen hewitt
- •David herbert lawrence (1885-1930)
- •William somerset maugham (1874-1965)
- •George mikes (1912-1987)
- •O. Henry (1862-1910)
- •William saroyan (1908-1981)
- •Mark twain (1835-1910)
- •Robert penn warren (1905-1989)
- •1.4. Plan of literary work analysis
- •1.5. Glossary of stylistic terms and clichés
- •Hyperbole – a stylistic device based on deliberate exaggeration of a quality, quantity, size, dimension, etc. (e.G. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old).
- •Words & word combinations suggested for the analysis of the text
- •Part II. Commentary on linguistic phenomena
- •2.1. History of English
- •Intrigue
- •Children
- •Glossary
- •To introduce sh to indicate the new sibilant
- •Strong verbs
- •Consonants
- •2.2. Grammar How to Analyze Grammar Phenomena
- •Glossary
- •2.3. Phonetics. The classification of sounds
- •II. Diphthongs
- •Consonants
- •Glossary
- •2.4. Lexicology
- •Glossary
- •2.5. Translation of lexical units
- •A. Word / Lexically non-bound expression
- •B. Phraseological expression or phrase
- •Glossary
- •Part III. Appendix
- •3.1. Список вопросов для итогового государственного междисциплинарного экзамена по специальности
- •3.2. Список рекомендуемой литературы История языка
- •Общее языкознание
- •Грамматика
- •426034, Г. Ижевск, ул. Университетская, 1
2.3. Phonetics. The classification of sounds
VOWELS
Monophthongs
According to the front-back position of the tongue (horizontal movement):
front: [i], [i:], [e], [æ];
central: [ə], [ə:];
back: [u], [u:], [/\], [o], [o:], [a:].
2) According to the height of the body of the tongue (vertical movement):
a) high / close: [i], [i:], [u], [u:];
b) mid: [e], [ə], [ə:];
c) low/ open: [a:], [æ], [/\], [o], [o:].
3) According to the position of the lips / degree of lip rounding:
a) rounded / labialized: [u], [u:], [o], [o:];
b) unrounded: [i], [i:], [e], [æ], [ə], [ə:], [/\], [a:].
4) According to the length/ duration:
a) short: [i], [e], [æ], [ə], [u], [/\], [o];
b) long: [i:], [ə:], [u:], [o:], [a:].
5) According to the tenseness of the vocal organs:
a) tense: all long vowels;
b) lax: all short vowels.
6) According to the position of soft palate:
a) nasal (before a nasal consonant, allophonic change);
b) oral (in other positions).
7) According to the energy discharge:
a) checked: short stressed vowels; long vowels followed by a voiceless consonant.
b) unchecked: unstressed vowels, stressed long vowels followed by a voiced consonant.
II. Diphthongs
1) According to the glide:
with [i] glide: [ei], [ai], [oi] ;
with [u] glide: [au], [ou];
with [ə] glide: [iə], [eə], [uə].
According to the direction of articulation:
closing: [ei], [ai], [oi], [au], [ou].
centering: [iə], [eə], [uə].
Consonants
1) According to the state of vocal folds:
a) voiced: [b], [d], [g], [z], [v], [ð], [з], [m], [n], [ŋ], [l], [r], [j], [w], [dз];
b) voiceless: [p], [t], [k], [s], [f], [h], [θ], [∫], [t∫].
2) According to the position of the soft palate:
a) nasal: [m], [n], [ŋ];
b) oral: all the rest.
3) According to the place of articulation:
a) labial:
– bilabial: [b], [p], [m], [w];
– labiodental: [f], [v];
b) coronal:
– dental: [θ], [ð];
– alveolar: [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z];
– palato-alveolar: [∫], [t∫], [з], [dз];
– retroflex: [r];
c) dorsal:
– palatal: [j];
– velar: [k], [g], [ŋ];
d) glottal: [h].
4) According to the type of obstruction and manner of the production of noise:
a) occlusive /stops:
– plosives / oral stops: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];
– affricates: [t∫], [dз];
– nasals / nasal stops: [m], [n], [ŋ];
b) fricatives: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [з], [h].
c) approximants:
– central: [w], [r], [j];
– lateral: [l].
Glossary
sound – звук
vowel– гласный
consonant– согласный
monophthong– монофтонг
diphthong– дифтонг
front– переднего ряда
central– среднего / смешанного ряда
back– заднего ряда
high/close– высокого подъема / закрытый
mid– среднего подъема
low/open– низкого подъема / открытый
labialized/rounded– лабиализованный / огубленный
unrounded– неогубленный
short– краткий
long– долгий
tense– напряженный
lax– ненапряженный
nasal– носовой
oral– ртовый
(un)checked– (не)усеченный
stressed – ударный
unstressed – безударный
nucleus - ядро
glide – глайд
closing– закрывающийся
centering– центрирующий
voiced – звонкий
voiceless – глухой
soft palate – мягкое нёбо
articulation – артикуляция
labial – губной
bilabial – двугубный
labiodental – губно-зубной
coronal– переднеязычный
dental– дентальный / зубный
alveolar– альвеолярный
palato-alveolar– нёбно-альвеолярный
retroflex– заальвеолярный
dorsal– дорсальный / заднеязычный
palatal– палатальный
velar– велярный
glottal– фарингальный, гортанный
occlusive/stops– смычные
plosives / oral stops – взрывные
affricates – аффрикаты
nasal stops – носовые
fricatives – фрикативные / шумные
approximants – сонанты
lateral– боковые / латеральные
silentletter– непроизносимая буква
syllable – слог
intonation – интонация
phoneme – фонема
allophone – аллофон
phonetics – фонетика
phonology – фонология
wordstress– словесное ударение
sentencestress– фразовое ударение
pitch– высота тона, звука
primarystress– главное ударение
secondarystress– второстепенное ударение
free/fixedstress– свободное / связанное ударение
prosody– просодия, супрасегментные средства организации речи