C H A P T E R 1 6

Layout Guidelines

Positioning Text and Controls in a Bottom Bar

As described in “Bottom Bars” (page 207), a bottom bar is a part of the window frame that extends below the content in the window body. Controls in a bottom bar are frequently used, but not as frequently used as controls in a toolbar. In addition, bottom-bar controls are closely related to the content in the view directly above them.

To create a bottom bar, leave a strip of window frame below the content view in the window body. To do this using Interface Builder, select a Textured Window object from the Library. You need to use this object, not the Window object, because it displays the window-frame surface from top to bottom.

Place the appropriate content view in the new window and size the content view so that its bottom edge does not reach the bottom edge of the window. (Note that windows do not expose any window-frame surface at the sides of the content view in Mac OS X v10.5 and later; see “Window Appearance” (page 188) for more information.) The strip of window frame visible below the content view should be:

■32 pixels high, if you plan to use regular size controls

■22 pixels high, if you plan to use small size controls

The layout guidelines for bottom bars focus on visual balance and consistent spacing. Note that the guidelines for both regular-size and small controls recommend fewer pixels above the control than below it. This is because precisely centering controls in a bottom bar makes them too close to the bottom edge and decreases the sense of visual balance.

If you want to use regular-size controls in a bottom bar, use the following layout guidelines (illustrated in Figure 16-23):

Figure 16-23 Layout specifications for a bottom bar with regular-size controls

Bar height = 32 pixels

3 pixels from top

Button set lines up with side bar			Text baseline = 18 pixels from top of bar

■All controls should be 3 pixels from the top edge of the bottom bar.

■Leave a consistent amount of space between individual controls or sets of controls. (The bottom bar in Figure 16-23 uses 8 pixels between controls.)

■Leave a margin between the left edge of the bottom bar and the leftmost control. It works well to leave a margin that measures the same as the space you leave between controls (the bottom bar in Figure 16-23 uses 8 pixels in this area).

■The text baseline should be 18 pixels below the top edge of the bottom bar.

■If the window contains a source list and there are controls that relate to the content view controlled by the source list, left-align those controls with the splitter of the source list.

Positioning Text and Controls in a Bottom Bar

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C H A P T E R 1 6

Layout Guidelines

If you want to use small controls in a bottom bar, use the following layout guidelines (illustrated in Figure 16-24):

Figure 16-24 Layout specifications for a bottom bar with small controls

Bar height = 22 pixel

1 pixel from top

Button set lines up with side bar		Text baseline = 13 pixel from top of bar

■All controls should be 1 pixel from the top edge of the bottom bar.

■Place the leftmost control 8 pixels from the left edge of the bottom bar.

■Leave 8 pixels between controls.

■The text baseline should be 13 pixels below the top edge of the bottom bar.

■If the window contains a source list and there are controls that relate to the content view controlled by the source list, left-align those controls with the splitter of the source list.

354	Positioning Text and Controls in a Bottom Bar

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Table A-1 lists the system-reserved and commonly used keyboard shortcuts mentioned in the rest of this document.

As you implement keyboard shortcuts in your application, use this table to find:

■Which key sequences are reserved by Mac OS X.

Users rely on these shortcuts to perform the specified actions no matter which application is currently running (these include shortcuts reserved for accessibility purposes). Do not override these shortcuts.

■Which key sequences are recommended for common application tasks.

Users expect these shortcuts to mean the same thing from application to application. Provide these shortcuts if your application performs the associated tasks. You should avoid using these shortcuts for other purposes.

If a keyboard sequence is not listed in Table A-1 you can use it for a frequently used command in your application, if a shortcut is appropriate. For guidance on creating new keyboard shortcuts, see “Creating Your Own Keyboard Shortcuts” (page 105) Be aware, however, that Apple may reserve other keyboard shortcuts in the future. For more information on the system-reserved keyboard shortcuts, see “Reserved Keyboard Shortcuts” (page 103)

Note: With the exception of the system-reserved function keys F9, F10, F11, and F12, Table A-1 lists only combinations of two or more keys. For information on how to use specific single keys (such as Tab and Return), see “The Functions of Specific Keys” (page 97)

Table A-1 groups together the primary key that is modified and variations of key sequences based on the primary key. In the interests of space, the table uses the following symbols to represent the modifier keys (these are the same symbols menus display):

(Command)

(Control)

(Option) (Shift)

Some shortcuts in Table A-1 are accompanied by an icon. This means that you should not override the shortcut because the operating system uses it in some way.

A shortcut in Table A-1 that is not accompanied by an icon is recommended for applications that perform the associated task. If your application does not perform the task associated with a recommended shortcut, you should not use that shortcut to mean something else.

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Table A-1	Keyboard shortcuts
Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
Space bar	Space	Show or hide the Spotlight search field (when multiple languages are
		installed, may rotate through enabled script systems).
	Space	Apple reserved.
	Space	Show the Spotlight search results window (when multiple languages
		are installed, may rotate through keyboard layouts and input methods
		within a script).
	Space	Apple reserved.
Tab	Tab	Navigate through controls in a reverse direction. See “Keyboard Focus
		and Navigation” (page 107).
	Tab	Move forward to the next most recently used application in a list of
		open applications.
	Tab	Move backward through a list of open applications (sorted by recent
		use).
	Tab	Move focus to the next grouping of controls in a dialog or the next
		table (when Tab moves to the next cell). See Accessibility Overview.
	Tab	Move focus to the previous grouping of controls. See Accessibility
		Overview.
Esc	Esc	Open Front Row.
	Esc	Open the Force Quit dialog.
Eject	Eject	Quit all applications (after giving the user a chance to save changes
		to open documents) and restart the computer.
	Eject	Quit all applications (after giving the user a chance to save changes
		to open documents) and shut the computer down.
F1	F1	Toggle full keyboard access on or off. See Accessibility Overview.
F2	F2	Move focus to the menu bar. See Accessibility Overview.
F3	F3	Move focus to the Dock. See Accessibility Overview.
F4	F4	Move focus to the active (or next) window. See Accessibility Overview.
	F4	Move focus to the previously active window. See AccessibilityOverview.

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
F5	F5	Move focus to the toolbar. See Accessibility Overview.
	F5	Turn VoiceOver on or off. See Accessibility Overview.
F6	F6	Move focus to the first (or next) panel. See Accessibility Overview.
	F6	Move focus to the previous panel. See Accessibility Overview.
F7	F7	Temporarily override the current keyboard access mode in windows
		and dialogs. See Accessibility Overview.
F9		Tile or untile all open windows.
F10		Tile or untile all open windows in the currently active application.
F11		Hide or show all open windows.
F12		Hide or display Dashboard.
`(grave	`	Activate the next open window in the frontmost application. See
accent)		“Window Layering” (page 217).
	`	Activate the previous open window in the frontmost application. See
		“Window Layering” (page 217).
	`	Move focus to the window drawer.
- (hyphen)	-	Decrease the size of the selected item (equivalent to the Smaller
		command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
	-	Zoom out when screen zooming is on. See Accessibility Overview.
{ (left	{	Left-align a selection (equivalent to the Align Left command). See “The
bracket)		Format Menu” (page 179).
} (right	}	Right-align a selection (equivalent to the Align Right command). See
bracket)		“The Format Menu” (page 179).
| (pipe)	|	Center-align a selection (equivalent to the Align Center command).
		See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
: (colon)	:	Display the Spelling window (equivalent to the Spelling command).
		See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
;	;	Find misspelled words in the document (equivalent to the Check
(semicolon)		Spelling command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
, (comma)	,	Open the application's preferences window (equivalent to the
		Preferences command). See “The Application Menu” (page 173).
	,	Decrease screen contrast. See Accessibility Overview.
. (period)	.	Increase screen contrast. See Accessibility Overview.
? (question	?	Open the application's help in Help Viewer. See “The Help Menu” (page
mark)		183).
/ (forward	/	Turn font smoothing on or off.
slash)
= (equal	=	Increase the size of the selected item (equivalent to the Bigger
sign)		command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
	=	Zoom in when screen zooming is on. See Accessibility Overview.
3	3	Capture the screen to a file.
	3	Capture the screen to the Clipboard.
4	4	Capture a selection to a file.
	4	Capture a selection to the Clipboard.
8	8	Turn screen zooming on or off. See Accessibility Overview.
	8	Invert the screen colors. See Accessibility Overview.
A	A	Highlight every item in a document or window, or all characters in a
		text field (equivalent to the Select All command). See “The Edit
		Menu” (page 177).
B	B	Boldface the selected text or toggle boldfaced text on and off
		(equivalent to the Bold command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
C	C	Duplicate the selected data and store on the Clipboard (equivalent to
		the Copy command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
	C	Display the Colors window (equivalent to the Show Colors command).
		See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
	C	Copy the style of the selected text (equivalent to the Copy Style
		command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
	C	Copy the formatting settings of the selected item and store on the
		Clipboard (equivalent to the Copy Ruler command). See “The Format
		Menu” (page 179).
D	D	Show or hide the Dock. See “The Dock” (page 62).
	D	Display the definition of the selected word in the Dictionary
		application.
E	E	Use the selection for a find operation. See “Find Windows” (page 238).
F	F	Open a Find window (equivalent to the Find command). See “The Edit
		Menu” (page 177).
	F	Jump to the search field control. See “Search Fields” (page 317).
G	G	Find the next occurrence of the selection (equivalent to the Find Next
		command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
	G	Find the previous occurrence of the selection (equivalent to the Find
		Previous command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
H	H	Hide the windows of the currently running application (equivalent to
		the Hide ApplicationName command). See “The Application
		Menu” (page 173).
	H	Hide the windows of all other running applications (equivalent to the
		Hide Others command). See “The Application Menu” (page 173).
I	I	Italicize the selected text or toggle italic text on or off (equivalent to
		the Italic command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
	I	Display an Info window. See “Inspector Windows” (page 224).
	I	Display an inspector window. See “Inspector Windows” (page 224).
J	J	Scroll to a selection.
M	M	Minimize the active window to the Dock (equivalent to the Minimize
		command). See “The Window Menu” (page 182).
	M	Minimize all windows of the active application to the Dock (equivalent
		to the Minimize All command). See “The Window Menu” (page 182).
N	N	Open a new document (equivalent to the New command). See “The
		File Menu” (page 175).
O	O	Display a dialog for choosing a document to open (equivalent to the
		Open command). See “The File Menu” (page 175).
P	P	Display the Print dialog (equivalent to the Print command). See “The
		File Menu” (page 175).

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
	P	Display a dialog for specifying printing parameters (equivalent to the
		Page Setup command). See “The File Menu” (page 175).
Q	Q	Quit the application (equivalent to the Quit command). See “The
		Application Menu” (page 173).
	Q	Log out the current user (equivalent to the Log Out command).
	Q	Log out the current user without confirmation.
S	S	Save the active document (equivalent to the Save command). See
		“The File Menu” (page 175).
	S	Display the Save dialog (equivalent to the Save As command). See
		“The File Menu” (page 175).
T	T	Display the Fonts window (equivalent to the Show Fonts command).
		See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
	T	Show or hide a toolbar (equivalent to the Show/Hide Toolbar
		command). See “TheViewMenu” (page 180)and “Toolbars” (page 196).
U	U	Underline the selected text or turn underlining on or off (equivalent
		to the Underline command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
V	V	Insert the Clipboard contents at the insertion point (equivalent to the
		Paste command). See “The File Menu” (page 175).
	V	Apply the style of one object to the selected object (equivalent to the
		Paste Style command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
	V	Apply the style of the surrounding text to the inserted object
		(equivalent to the Paste and Match Style command). See “The Edit
		Menu” (page 177).
	V	Apply formatting settings to the selected object (equivalent to the
		Paste Ruler command). See “The Format Menu” (page 179).
W	W	Close the active window (equivalent to the Close command). See “The
		File Menu” (page 175).
	W	Close a file and its associated windows (equivalent to the Close File
		command). See “The File Menu” (page 175).
	W	Close all windows in the application (equivalent to the Close All
		command). See “The File Menu” (page 175).
X	X	Remove the selection and store on the Clipboard (equivalent to the
		Cut command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
Z	Z	Reverse the effect of the user's previous operation (equivalent to the
		Undo command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
	Z	Reverse the effect of the last Undo command (equivalent to the Redo
		command). See “The Edit Menu” (page 177).
(right		Change the keyboard layout to current layout of Roman script.
arrow)
		Extend selection to the next semantic unit, typically the end of the
		current line.
		Extend selection one character to the right.
		Extend selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of
		the next word.
		Move focus to another value or cell within a view, such as a table. See
		Accessibility Overview.
(left		Change the keyboard layout to current layout of system script.
arrow)
		Extend selection to the previous semantic unit, typically the beginning
		of the current line.
		Extend selection one character to the left.
		Extend selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the
		beginning of the previous word.
		Move focus to another value or cell within a view, such as a table. See
		Accessibility Overview.
(up		Extend selection upward in the next semantic unit, typically the
arrow)		beginning of the document.
		Extend selection to the line above, to the nearest character boundary
		at the same horizontal location.
		Extend selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to
		the beginning of the next paragraph.
		Move focus to another value or cell within a view, such as a table. See
		Accessibility Overview.
(down		Extend selection downward in the next semantic unit, typically the
arrow)		end of the document.
		Extend selection to the line below, to the nearest character boundary
		at the same horizontal location.

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A P P E N D I X A

Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference

Primary	Key sequence	Associated action
key
		Extend selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end
		of the next paragraph (include the blank line between paragraphs in
		cut, copy, and paste operations).
		Move focus to another value or cell within a view, such as a table. See
		Accessibility Overview.

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