Posobie_po_anglyskomu_yazyku

2.Answer the questions to the text.

1.What is the most common form of everyday communication?

2.What is the most basic form of human interaction?

3.What abilities should communicators have to communicate well?

4.What is understood under the term “persuasion”?

5.Is there a difference between communication skills and conversational skills? What is it, if any?

3.Discuss in pairs the following:

1.What abilities and features of character should a perfect communicator have?

2.What techniques do you personally use to persuade the other person?

3.Are you a good communicator? What weak and strong qualities do you have as a speaker?

4.Should a teacher be a good speaker? Why?

Vocabulary practice

1. Fill in the correct word from the list below:

Dynamics, skills, communication, communication technologies, arisen, audience, ignore, groupthink, reluctant, message.

1.The purpose of interpersonal _________ is to share business and personal information.

2.Conversation ________ are abilities of people to communicate with each other.

3.____________ is a result of reaching consensus by a group.

4.He seemed somewhat _________ to explain the reasons for his behaviour.

5.Interpersonal relations can be considered in statics and in ________.

6.Different _________________ help people to share information, i.e. e-mail, mobile phones, etc.

7.Interpersonal communication may occur in different ways, i.e. when a speaker addresses himself to an ____________.

8.It is impolite to __________ other people’s opinions when the issue is being discussed.

9.If you are not able to call me, you may leave a __________ for me.

10.A new difficulty has __________ in our private interaction.

2.Insert the right prepositions. Make up sentences with the expressions.

1.to respond ____

2.to be sensitive ____

3.to give a speech ____ an audience

4.to be responsible ____

5.to agree ____ somebody

6.to communicate ____ each other

7.____ the workplace

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3. Match phrases in column A with their translation in column B.

1. spoken and written language	a. в рамках одной организации
2. daily communication	b. также, тоже
3. additional factors	c. передать информацию через
	расстояние
4. within a single organization	d. дополнительные факторы
5. supervisors and workers	e. разговорный и письменный языки
6. as well	f. кампания
7. campaign rally	g. ежедневное общение

8.to get the message across distance h. управляющие и рабочие

4.Consult the dictionary to find the meaning of the following words and their derivatives. Then insert the words into the gaps.

To interact, interaction, interactive

1.Shyness or reluctance _____________ is called communication apprehension.

2.Most small-group ______________ involves fewer than ten people.

3.A new stream of modern education is an ____________ education.

To persuade, persuasion, persuasive

1.The speaker usually wants to be ___________ or informative.

2.____________ is the process of convincing other people.

3.Some people do not know how to _________ other people.

To organize, organization, organizational

1.Conversation skills are necessary in the workplace or other ________ activities.

2.Small groups may need to deal with among each other within a single ________.

3.Only a person-leader is able to ____________ a group.

To agree, agreement, agreeable

1.Small-group members try to reach ____________ .

2.I can _________ with neither side.

3.This man is easy to deal with. He’s ____________.

To perform, performance, performer

1.The style of delivery or ____________ are very important.

2.In every organization there is work to do or a task for the group to __________.

3.Every __________ must be responsible for the task he is given.

Discussion

1. Study the material about how to make persuasive speeches.

PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

Persuasive speech is the art of using words to influence an audience. It involves directing, guiding, or appealing to the thinking, logic or emotions of an individual or an audience. The goal is to help the listeners to accept the idea, attitude, or action being presented by the speaker. It is accomplished by the use of argumentation,

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rationalization, symbolisms, and presenting supportive information.

This type of argumentative speech uses personal expressions. Your personal opinion should be expressed in the introduction and again in the conclusion, using phrases such as “In my opinion”, “I believe”, “I think”, “I strongly believe”, and “In my view”. You should support your opinion by including examples and reasons for what you have said. End your speech by restating your opinion.

Paragraph Plan for Persuasive Speech

Introduction: state topic and your opinion clearly without using too many personal opinion words.

Main body: give the first, second, third argument, etc. and examples or reasons to support your opinion. Give the other side of the argument and reasons.

Conclusion: re-state your opinion, using different words.

Useful Phrases for making Persuasive speeches

To list points: In the first place, first of all, to start with, in the first place, etc.

To add more points: what is more, another major reason, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, besides, apart from this, not to mention the fact that, etc.

To introduce conflicting viewpoints: It is argued that, people argue that, opponents of this view say, there are people who oppose, etc.

To express opinion: I believe, In my opinion, I think, In my view, I strongly believe, etc.

2. Read the following model and circle the linking words. Then, underline the reasons given to support each point raised.

Introduction

Cigarette advertising is a popular topic for discussion, as an increasing number of people believe that it is immoral and should be banned. I support this view for a variety of reasons.

Main body

In the first place, cigarette advertising should be stopped because an unhealthy product is being promoted. According to many medical reports, tobacco is a major cause of lung cancer and is sometimes responsible for heart disease. What is more, smoking can have harmful effects on non-smokers: when in the presence of smokers, they have no choice but to breathe in second-hand smoke.

Another major reason for banning cigarette advertising is the fact that it targets young people. Cigarette adverts show young, beautiful, successful people smoking and having fun. This is an image, which is appealing to teenagers. In other words, they become attracted to this glamorous representation of smoking, which leads to them taking up the habit. Furthermore, the average teenager does not consider the harmful effects of smoking.

In their defence, however, tobacco companies argue that since their products are legally sold they have the right to communicate information about them, in other words, advertising. They also argue that their advertisements are not intended to cause people to start smoking, but rather are an attempt to cause smokers to switch brands.

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They strongly deny that they target young people in their adverts.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I believe that cigarette companies are only interested in making money, as their advertising campaigns are unethical. It is not good to promote an unhealthy product. In my opinion, cigarette advertising should be banned.

3.Make up a persuasive speech on one of the following topics and present it to your groupmates.

1.E-learning is more effective that the traditional one.

2.Video games promote violence.

3.You can never trust the news.

4.DNA databases jeopardize our privacy.

5.All MP3 music belongs in the free public domain.

6.Spam e-mails should be, should not be outlawed.

7.Home schooling provides a better education, is worse for your child.

8.Zero tolerance is a useful instrument to prevent violence.

9.Babysitters younger than 16 years should be forbidden.

10.Human cloning is bad, is good.

Communication: persuasion.

1. Practice some expressions used for persuasion.

...Wouldn’t it be better if	...Разве не было бы лучше, если
How about...	А что насчет...
Well, look at it this way...	Давай посмотрим на это с другой
	стороны....
Possible, but......	Возможно, но...
That’s (probably) true, but...	Это, возможно, так, но...
That’s a good idea, but...	Это хорошая идея, но...
I see your point, but ...	Я понимаю Вашу точку зрения, но...
Look, there are many reasons why, but...	Да, есть много причин почему (это
	произошло), но...

2.Make up small dialogs, using the phrases from Task 1.

Example: Steve: It would be better if we went to the park. It’s a much nicer place for a picnic.

Pam: That’s true, but the others are expecting us at the beach.

3.Here are some dialogs illustrating different ways of persuading. Read them and try to see how one person persuaded the other to do something.

Situation 1: A brother and sister take turns doing the supper dishes. Uri tries to persuade his sister to do the dishes on one of his nights.

Uri: Leah, would you do the dishes for me tonight?

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Leah: No way!

Uri: I’m supposed to meet the gang early tonight.

Leah: You know it’s Tuesday and my favourite TV program’s on. Uri: Look, I’ll do the dishes two extra times. Please!

Leah: I don’t know…

Uri: And besides, I’ll give you $1,00 when I get this week’s allowance. Leah: Oh, all right. I’ll wash the dishes.

Situation 2. Mr. Lim is shopping for a new television set.

Salesperson: This model is more expensive, sir, but it is a better buy in the long run. Mr. Lim: Well, there is a hundred and fifty dollar difference, and they both look the same, except for the brand name.

Salesperson: that’s true, but with this model you have a longer warranty; if new parts are needed, you do not pay for replacements; and finally, it is produced right here, so there is no waiting for spare parts.

Mr. Lim: Okay, I’m convinced. I’ll take it.

4. Create your own dialog. Working in pairs, pick any relationship and any situation and create a discussion, with one person trying to persuade the other to do something he/she did not particularly want to do at the beginning. By the end of the conversation, the second person should agree.

RELATIONSHIPS:	SITUATIONS:
Groupmates	Buying smth
Teacher / student	Choosing a present for your teacher
Parent/son	TV program, radio station
Parent / daughter	Going abroad to work
Wife / husband	Choosing a wife / husband
Sister / brother	Sharing housework
Friend / friend	Spending too much money
	Using the car
	Learning English
	Missing the class

Homework

1.Use the words and phrases given below to fill the gaps into the sentences.

Communication, interpersonal, convinced, competence, respond, be responsible for,

perform.

1.I am ____________ that communicational skills are necessary to be able to deal with other people well.

2.Each member of the society we live in must ______________ their actions and behaviour.

3.____________ interaction influences upon their relations.

4.The audience is expected to _________ to the speech of the lecturer in any way.

5.It would be impossible to fulfill any task without people’s ______________.

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6.Communication ______________ helps people to cope with conflicts that arise while interaction.

7.Organizational communication occurs as a result of people’s need to _________

work they have to do.

2.Translate from Russian into English using the active vocabulary of the lesson.

1.Боязнь общения мешает установить контакт между людьми.

2.Организационные способности помогут вам выполнить эту работу.

3.Необходимо пытаться устранить конфликты, которые возникают при межличностном общении.

4.Взаимодействие в группе влияет на ее динамику.

5.Невежливо не ответить на сообщение.

6.Нежелание достичь согласия ведет к развитию конфликтов.

7.Не бойтесь произносить речь на публике.

8.Если вы владеете необходимой информацией, вы можете обменяться ею со своими коллегами.

9.Участник процесса общения не должен игнорировать мнение своего собеседника.

10.Чье это утверждение?

3.Read the text and answer the questions.

THE FIRST FOUR MINUTES

When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book “Contact. The First Four Minutes” he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendship., “Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. A lot of people’s whole lives would change of they did just that”.

You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. He keeps looking over the other person’s shoulder, as if hoping to find more interesting on another part of the room. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did nit like him very much.

When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people whop like themselves”.

On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to seem interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.

Hearing such advice, one might say, “But I am not a friendly, self-confident person. That’s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way”.

In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice could help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be

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unfamiliar at first, but goes much better than the old one”.

But isn’t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don’t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, “total honesty” is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything: a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first minutes of contact with strangers. That is not the time to complain about one’s health or mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one’s opinions and impressions.

Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. For a husband and wife or a parent and a child problems often arise during their first few minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together should be treated with care. It there are unpleasant matters to be discussed they should be dealt with later.

The author declares that interpersonal relations should be taught in every school, along with reading, writing and mathematics. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. That is at least as important as how much we know.

1.What features are most important for human relations?

2.What kind of situation may be called a social situation?

3.How does an average person behave when someone is introduced to him/her at a party?

4.Is it polite to ignore the person you’ve just met?

5.Why is it important to seem interested in a new acquaintance?

6.What makes us sometimes change our social habits?

4.Argue or disagree with the following.

1.To like or dislike the same things, that is indeed true friendship.

2.A friend is person to whom I may be sincere.

3.The only possible society is oneself.

4.You must look in the people as well as at them.

5.For a man who lacks self-confidence, silence is the wisest course.

5.Make up a persuasive speech on one of the following topics.

1.Luck is/is not a matter of chance.

2.Exams give no real indication of ability.

3.The case for/against genetically modified food.

4.Democracy is/is not the best form of government.

5.Governments should/should not censor material on the internet.

6.Parents should/should not be held legally responsible for their children's actions.

7.It is/is not crucial to develop a career before marriage.

8.Love is more powerful than hate.

9.Marriage is/is not an outdated institution.

10. Why we should/should not recycle.

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LESSON 15. HOW TO MAKE UP AN EFFECTIVE PRESENATION?

Brainstorming activity

Discuss the following question and give all the possible answers to it.

What are the key elements of an effective presentation?

Active Vocabulary

Listen and pronounce the active vocabulary of the lesson after the teacher.

1.	attend a presentation	– посещать презентацию
2.	bar chart	– столбцовая диаграмма
3.	be familiar with	– быть в курсе чего-либо
4.	benefit from	– выиграть от чего-либо
5.	body language	– язык тела
6.	build rapport	– достичь взаимопонимания
7.	career competence	– профессионализм
8.	diagram (n)	– график
9.	direct interaction	– прямое взаимодействие
10.	encompass (v)	– заключать, включать
11.	final statement	– заключительное слово
12.	flip chart	– откидной плакат
13.	flow chart	– блок-схема
14.	flow of information	– поток информации
15.	halo effect	– эффект ореола
16.	handouts (n)	– раздаточные материалы
17.	highlight (v)	– выделять, высвечивать
18.	informative presentation	– информационная презентация
19.	introduction (n)	– введение
20.	line chart	– линейная диаграмма
21.	nonverbal communication	– невербальная коммуникация
22.	OHP (overheard projector)	– диапроектор
23.	oral presentation	– устная презентация
24.	overload smb with smth	– перегрузить кого-то чем-то
25.	persuasive presentation	– агитационная презентация
26.	pie chart	– круговая диаграмма
27.	signposting (n)	– указание на что-то
28.	social heritage	– принадлежность социальному слою
29.	table (n)	– таблица
30.	to outline the structure	– обозначить структуру
31.	transparency (n)	– слайд, диапозитив
32.	trustworthiness (n)	– добросовестность, надежность
33. welcome the audience		– приветствовать слушателей

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Lead-in

1.Discuss with your partner the following questions.

1.Are you afraid of public speaking? Is it possible to get rid of this fear?

2.What methods of dealing with nervousness can you offer?

3.Have you ever made presentation in English? If yes, was it a positive experience?

2.Look through the text and enumerate the methods of fighting fear of public speaking it suggests.

DEALING WITH NERVOUSNESS

Feeling some nervousness before giving a speech is natural and even beneficial, but too much nervousness can be detrimental.

Here are some proven tips on how to control your butterflies and give better presentations:

Know your material. Pick a topic you are interested in. Know more about it than you include in your speech. Use humor, personal stories and conversational language – that way you won’t easily forget what to say.

Practice. Practice. Practice! Rehearse out loud with all equipment you plan on using. Revise as necessary. Work to control filler words; Practice, pause and breathe. Practice with a timer and allow time for the unexpected.

Know the audience. Greet some of the audience members as they arrive. It’s easier to speak to a group of friends than to strangers.

Know the room. Arrive early, walk around the speaking area and practice using the microphone and any visual aids.

Relax. Begin by addressing the audience. It buys you time and calms your nerves. Pause, smile and count to three before saying anything. (“One one-thousand, two onethousand, three one-thousand.” Pause. Begin.) Transform nervous energy into enthusiasm.

Visualize yourself giving your speech. Imagine yourself speaking, your voice loud, clear and confident. Visualize the audience clapping – it will boost your confidence.

Realize that people want you to succeed. Audiences want you to be interesting, stimulating, informative and entertaining. They’re rooting for you.

Don’t apologize for any nervousness or problem – the audience probably never noticed it.

Concentrate on the message – not the medium. Focus your attention away from your own anxieties and concentrate on your message and your audience.

Gain experience. Mainly, your speech should represent you – as an authority and as a person. Experience builds confidence, which is the key to effective speaking.

3. Express your opinion to the following.

Which of the tips seem quite reasonable to you and which, from your point of view, are useless and why?

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4.Comment on the ideas of the quotations and express your agreement or disagreement with them.

1.“If I am to speak ten minutes, I need a week for preparation; if fifteen minutes, three days; if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now.” Woodrow Wilson.

2.“Those who treasure the sound of their own voice above all others are truly deaf.” Steve Bersani.

3.“Remember not only to say the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment.” Benjamin Franklin.

Grammar: the Absolute Participial Construction.

In the following sentences name the Absolute Participial Construction and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Man being a very complex organism, many sciences are concerned with his investigation.

2.Experiments being performed under carefully controlled conditions, behaviour of experimental animals may not be characteristic of their behaviour outside the laboratory.

3.Scientists having been able to discover specialization of different nerve fibres, a great deal is to be leaned about the nature of nerve “messages”.

4.This was done for obtaining additional data, the operations not being shown here.

5.Werne’s results appear to demonstrate that even the black disk on a white ground can be made visible, the whole black area being obliterated, if the contour is not given enough time to develop in perception.

6.Scientific measurement may either be direct, the response itself being measured, or indirect, the measurement being of the stimulus used to obtain a specific response.

7.A given individual may have many personalities, one of them being central and, perhaps, explaining the others.

8.Hoppe’s experiments were characterized by a certain degree of informality, the conclusions being based on the subjects’ spontaneous remarks concerning their reactions to the various situations.

2.Combine the sentences using the Absolute Participial Construction.

1.Nobody had any more to say on the issue. The conference was over.

2.The process of communication is poor. People need to develop their communication skills.

3.A sender and receiver have common professional knowledge. Their communication

is effective.

4.A subordinate’s self-esteem was diminished. He had to work over it.

5.Cross-cultural differences are great. Communicators try to establish good interpersonal relationships.

6.No other issue was arisen, the discussion was adjourned.

7.Potential error has been eliminated. The work is going on.

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