V. Give Russian equivalents to the following:

sound marketing plan; key to the success; manage the process of creating customers; motivate customers to buy smth; promotional objectives; their needs and preferences; awareness of your products or service; a successful promotion campaign; keep the campaign on the right track; message reaching the people.

Focus on Grammar Articles. Prepositions

VI. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions

One … the major causes … small business failure is inadequate start-up financing. Before you open … business, it is very important to determine how much cash you will need. Many businessmen start operations until profits begin to roll in – which is typically three … six months. They have only enough money … a few months’ rent, some equipment and minimum inventory. Many experts advise having … least a 12-months financial cushion to handle all business and personal expenses. This will allow you to remain self-sufficient and minimize the risks should your business provide unprofitable.

Prior … starting … , carefully review your total financial needs. The checklist entitled “How much money do you need?” should assist you … this evaluation process. Don’t forget to add … the additional funds that will be necessary … personal and living expenses. Some examples include mortgage or rent payments, medical and insurance costs, entertainment, food, clothing, utilities and transportation.

VII. Fill in the blanks with articles if needed

Equally important is … preparation of … cash budget. This analysis forces the businessman to think ahead by estimating … firm’s income and expenses. It will also warn you about … possible deficits that could require additional funding. By carefully projecting your financial needs, you can avoid some of … crises that would otherwise arise from … shortage of funds in … future. A sound finance for … long term will help you to make … profit.

It is essential to distinguish … few different concepts of profit. Profit in everyday life means advantage or … good obtained from something. Besides it can mean … money gained in … business. Profit for … accountant means simply … difference between total receipts and total costs. For … economist profit has … much wider meaning. It is … revenue derived from … use of resources minus … opportunity cost of using those resources . The economist attaches … cost to … use of retained earnings, since they could have yielded revenues if used outside … business. Besides … economist would value the time of … owner-managers in accordance with what they could have earned outside … business.

VIII. Read the text about securities. Write a suitable word to fill each of the gaps.

bond convertible portfolio unit

gilts index preference value

inflation tend price

prices redeemable securities

Most investors seek, above all, security. They even call their investments ______. By building up a _______ of investments. You can be pretty confident that, in the long run, the _______ of your shares will stay a little ahead of _______. Many small investors pay their money to a _______ trust, which can invest more securely and profitably than the individuals could if they acted separately.

Every stock exchange has its _______ , to show share _______ are moving from day to day, in London, the Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100-share index (known as the FT-SE 100 for short), which is pronounced “Footsie”, calculates the average _______ of shares of 100 major companies. This index started at 100 on 1 January 1984.

Instead of buying shares in a business, you may prefer simply to ______ money to it. You receive in return a certificate, called a ______. The safest business to lend money to is the Government. UK Government bonds are called ______ (because they are printed on gilt-edged paper). If you lend to a company, you may receive bonds or _______ shares. ______ preference shares give the holder the right to convert them into ordinary shares at a later date; ______ preference shares give the company the right to buy them back or redeem them.