22. Compound sentence and types of coordination

The compound sentence is a composite sentence built on the principle of coordination. Coordination can be expressed either syndetically or asyndetically:

a) syndetically, i.e. by means of coordinating conjunctions (and, or, else, but, etc.) or conjunctive adverbs (otherwise, however, nevertheless, yet, etc.). E.g.: The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.

b) asyndetically, i.e. without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb. E.g.: The rain fell softly, the house was quiet. (Collins).

The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinatively are copulative, adversative, disjunctive, and causative-consecutive. Accordingly we can distinguish the corresponding types of coordination.

1.Copulative coordination (єднальний зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither … nor, not only … but (also). With the help of these conjunctions the statement expressed in one clause is simply added to that expressed in another. It was a nice little place and Mr. And Mrs. Smith were proud of it.

2. Disjunctive coordination (розділовий зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions or, else, or else, either…or, and the conjunctive adverb otherwise. By these a choice is offered between the statements expressed in two clauses. He knew it to be nonsense or it would have frightened him.

3. .Adversative coordination (протиставний зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions but, while, whereas and the conjunctive adverbs nevertheless, still, yet. These are conjunctions and adverbs connecting two clauses contrasting in meaning. The room was dark, but the street was lighter because of its lamps.

4. Causative-consecutive coordination (причинно-наслідковий зв’язок) expressed by the conjunctions for, so and the conjunctive adverbs therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence. For introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement. Therefore, so, consequently, hence, accordingly introduce coordinate clauses denoting cause, consequence and result. After all, the two of them belonged to the same trade, so talk was easy and happy between them.

23. Complex sentence as a polypredicative construction

The complex sentence is polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses – a principal one and a subordinate one. The subordinate clause is joined to the principal clause either by a subordinating connector (subordinator) or, with some types of clauses, asyndetically, without subordinators.

1) Syndetically, i. e. by means of subordinating conjunctions or connectives. E.g.: He thought that the train arrived at 6. 2) Asyndetically, i. e. without a conjunction or connective. E.g.: The book you gave me is very interesting.

The subordinate clauses are: 1) the subject clause; 2) the predicative clause of secondary nominal positions to which belong attributive clauses; 3) the object clause; 4) the attributive clause; 5) the adverbial clause.

The subject clauses perform the function of subject to the predicate of the principle clause and answer the questions Who? What? E.g.: What you say is interesting. Subject clause are connected with the principal clause by means of that, whether, if, who (whom), whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whoever, whatever.

The predicative clauses perform the function of a predicative nominal part of the predicate. E.g.: The trouble is that I have lost his address. Predicative clause is connected with the principal clause by means of the same subordinators as in case with subject clauses: that, if, whether, as if, as though, what, when… E.g.: The difficulty is whether we shall be able to get documents in time.

The object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate-verb of the principal clause and answer the questions Whom? What? About what? For what? E.g.: He told us that he felt ill. Object clauses are connected with the principal clause by means of the same subordinators as in case with subject and predicative clauses: that, if, whether, as if, as though, what, when. E.g.: He told them what he had seen there.

The attributive clauses serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the principal clause. This noun or pronoun is called the antecedent of the clause. Attributive sentence answer the questions What? Which? E.g.: I know the man whom you mean. (antecedent).

The Adverbial clauses perform the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the principal clause. According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses of: time/ часy; place/місця; cause(reason)/ причини; purpose/ мети; condition/ умови; concession/ допустові; result/ наслідкові; manner/ способу дії; comparison/ порівняння.