- •Теоретичні основи англійської мови
- •1. Фонетика як наука та її галузі. Фонетика і фонологія (Phonetics as a science and its branches. Phonetics and phonology)
- •2. Використання мови в усній вербальній комунікації (Language use in oral verbal communication)
- •3. Вимова як один із шляхів матеріалізації усної форми мови (Pronunciation as a way of materializing of oral form of language)
- •4. Просодія як один із найважливіших явищ в англійській мові (Prosody as one of the most important phenomena in the English language)
- •5. Порівняльна характеристика одиниць мови та мовлення (Units of language vs. Speech)
- •6. Головні варіанти вимови англійської мови (Major accents of English)
- •7. Класифікація голосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English vowels)
- •8. Класифікація приголосних в англійській мові за артикуляцією (The articulatory classification of the English consonants)
- •9. Асиміляція як універсальна характерна ознака розмовної мови. Типи асиміляції (Assimilation as a universal feature of spoken language. Types of assimilation)
- •10. Склад як невід’ємна частина слова (The syllable as an integral part of the word).
- •11. Типи складів в англійській мові (Types of the syllables in English)
- •12. Природа словесного наголосу в англійській мові (The nature of English word stress)
- •13. Типи словесного наголосу в англійській мові (Types of English word stress)
- •14. Функції словесного наголосу в англійській мові (English word stress functions)
- •15. Граматична категорія числа в системі англійської мови (The category of number in the system of the English language)
- •16. The problem of gender in English
- •17. Case as the grammatical category
- •18. Basic semantic types of the Genitive case in the English language
- •19. Tense and aspect as grammatical categories of the English verb
- •20. Voice in the system of the English verb
- •21. The classification of the simple sentences in English
- •22. Compound sentence and types of coordination
- •23. Complex sentence as a polypredicative construction
- •24. Onomatopoeia as one of the phonetic expressive means
- •25. The synonymous phenomenon in the English language
- •26. The traditional classification of homonyms in English
- •27. Abbreviation as one of the means of word formation in English
- •28. Contraction as one of the ways of shortening
- •29. Conversion as one of the means of affixless derivation
- •30. Явище алітерації та асонансу в англійській мові (The phenomenon of alliteration and assonance in English)
24. Onomatopoeia as one of the phonetic expressive means
Onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds which aims at imitating natural sounds: wind wailing, sea murmuring, rustling of leaves, bursts of thunder. Words which represent this figure of speech have aural similarity with the things they describe: buzz, roar bang, hiss, sizzle, twitter, pop, swish, burble, cuckoo, splash. Animal calls and sounds of insects are evoked onomatopoeically in all languages. For example, cock-a-doodle-do! is conventionally the English representation for the crowing of a cock. Interestingly, the Ukrainians and the French represent this imitation as кукуріку and cocorico correspondingly, which is significantly different from the English variant, although logic tells us that the roster’s cry is the same across the world. It means that onomatopoeia is not an exact reproduction of natural sounds but a subjective phenomenon.
Onomatopoeia is used for emphasis or stylistic effect. It is extensively featured in children’s rhymes and poetry in general.
25. The synonymous phenomenon in the English language
Synonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, differing in sound form, and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical (similar) denotational meanings. There are two types of synonyms:
ideographic synonyms which differ in shades of meaning, e.g. to shake – to tremble – to shiver – to shudder – to quiver – to quake; fast – rapid – swift – quick, etc.
stylistic synonyms which differ in stylistic characteristics, e.g. father – parent – dad (daddy) – papa – governor; to eat – to partake – to wolf – to lay in, etc.
In most cases the synonymic group includes both ideographic and stylistic synonyms, e.g. to begin (neutral) – to commence (bookish) – to start (neutral) – to initiate (bookish).
Absolute synonyms, quite alike in their meanings and stylistic colouring, and, therefore, interchangeable in all contexts, are very rare, e.g. fatherland – motherland – homeland; word-building – word- formation, compounding – composition. Each group of synonyms comprises a synonymic dominant – the unit possessing the most general meaning of the kind: to shine :: to flash – to blaze – to gleam – to glisten – to sparkle – to glitter – to shimmer – to glimmer.
26. The traditional classification of homonyms in English
Words identical in form but quite different in their meaning and distribution are called homonyms. The traditional formal classification of homonyms is as follows:
I. Absolute homonyms which are identical both in sound and spelling, e.g. ball (м’яч): ball (бал).
ІІ. Partial homonyms subdivided into: 1) Homographs which are identical in spelling but different in sound, e.g. bow /bou/ (лук) :: bow /bau/ (ніс корабля); 2) Homophones which are identical in sound but different in spelling, e.g. key (ключ) :: quay (набережна);
Homonyms may be classified by the type of their meaning. In this case one should distinguish between: 1) Lexical homonyms which belong to the same part of speech, e.g. club n. (клуб): club n. (кийок); 2) Grammatical homonyms which belong to different parts of speech, e.g. horse n. (кінь): hoarse a. (хрипкий); 3) Homoforms which are identical only in some of their paradigm constituents, e.g. scent n.: sent v. (Past Indefinite and Past Participle of send); seize v.: sees (Pr. Ind. , 3d p. sing. of see), etc. From the viewpoint of their origin, homonyms are divided into etymological and historical.
Etymological homonyms are words of different origin. Their formal coincidence is the result of various factors: phonetical changes in native and borrowed words, changes in spelling, etc. E.g. OF bas >ME base I (підлий) L. basis>OE base >ME base II (основа, підвалина) OE mal >ME mole (родинка) OE mol>Mid.E molle >ME mole II (кріт)
Historical homonyms are those which result from disintegration (split) of polysemy. At present there is not any connection between their meanings, though they can be traced back to the same etymological source, e.g. nail (ніготь):nail (цвях) > OE naeg(e)l; beam (промінь): beam (балка, бантина) >OE beam.