2. Глоссарий

A

Amicable numbers - two different numbers so related that the sum of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number. (A proper divisor of a number is a positive integer divisor other than the number itself. For example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3.)

Approximation –

C

Computer - a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations

Crunch -

Cylindrical wedge -

D

Deduction -

Descendant -

Desktop model –

Differential -

Discrete symbol -

E

Electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) - a physical field produced by moving electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field.

Empirical measure - a random measure arising from a particular realization of a (usually finite) sequence of random variables. The precise definition is found below. Empirical measures are relevant to mathematical statistics.

Experimental physics - the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines concerned with the observation of physical phenomena in order to gather data about the universe. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as the Cavendish experiment, to more complicated ones, such as the Large Hadron Collider.

G

Graphics (from Greek graphikos) - visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Graphics word is derived from the word graph.

H

Hardware –

I

Integration - an important concept in mathematics and, together with its inverse, differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus.

Intel – compatible –

irrational number - any real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio a/b, where a and b are integers, with b non-zero, and is therefore not a rational number.

M

Mainframe –

Mathematical analysis - a branch of pure mathematics that includes the theories of differentiation, integration and measure, limits, infinite series,^[1] and analytic functions. These theories are often studied in the context of real numbers, complex numbers, and real and complex functions. Analysis may be conventionally distinguished from geometry. However, theories of analysis can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or, more specifically, distance (a metric space).

Matrix (plural matrices) - a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns. The individual items in a matrix are called its elements or entries. An example of a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns is

Measure on a set - a systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size. In this sense, a measure is a generalization of the concepts of length, area, and volume. A particularly important example is the Lebesgue measure on a Euclidean space, which assigns the conventional length, area, and volume of Euclidean geometry to suitable subsets of the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ.

Memorystore –

R

Research - experimental development is formal work undertaken systematically to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society

T

Technology - the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems

Theorem - a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and previously accepted statements, such as axioms.

Traditional rank - rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and between geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences