Predicative Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction

The Objective Participial Construction consists of a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Objective case and Participle I or Participle II forming a syntactical complex, the two main components of which are in predicate relationship. Since the construction always follows transitive verbs, its syntactical function is that of a complex object The construction is rendered in Russian by an object clause.
	The Objective Participial Construction with Participle I is used :
1.	With verbs of sense perception: see, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, perceive, smell, find, catch, discover, look at, listen to, etc.
	We saw the train approaching the station. I could feel the dog leaning against my feet.
2.	With various verbs of causative meaning or inducement: have, get, keep, leave, start, set.
	I won’t have you smoking at your age! They soon got (started) things going. Don’t keep me waiting.
Note:		The verbs have and get may be used in the construction without their causative meaning, as in:
		I have some students waiting for me. I’ve got my grandson staying for a week.
3.	Occasionally with verbs expressing wish: want, like.
	I don’t want you talking back to me. They didn’t like me leaving so early.
	The Objective Participial Construction with Participle II is used :
1.	With verbs of causative meaning: have, get, make.
	You must have your photo taken. Where did you have your hair done? We must get our tickets registered.
2.	With verbs of physical perception: see, hear, feel, find.
	I saw Jane addressed by a stranger. We found her door locked.
3.	With verbs expressing wish: wish, prefer, want, like.
	I want the answer sent at once. We prefer the letter answered by the chief.

The Subjective Participial Construction

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the Participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate. The construction is rendered in Russian by a complex sentence: the main (principal) clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called indefinite personal (неопределенно-личное предложение) and an object clause.
The Subjective Participial Construction is chiefly used :
1.	With verbs of sense perception: see, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, perceive, smell, find, catch, discover, look at, listen to, etc.
	The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy) She was noticed cheating at the examination.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction consists of two independent elements, nominal and verbal, which are in a predicate relation. The nominal element is a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Nominative case. The verbal element is Participle I in any of its forms or Participle II. The nominal and the verbal elements make a syntactical complex functioning as a detached adverbial modifier. Unlike the Objective Participial Construction it does not depend on a verb. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is set off by a comma.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction functions as: an adverbial modifier, of reason (cause), of condition, of time, of manner and attendant circumstances.
1.	The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is placed at the head of the sentence as: an adverbial modifier of reason (cause), of condition, of time. In this function sentences with a Nominative Absolute Participial Construction are translated by complex sentences with the corresponding subordinate clause.
	1.1.	an adverbial modifier of reason / cause
		Ice having thus been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate. We began to talk, but my attention distracted by my surroundings, I took small notice of him.
	1.2.	an adverbial modifier of condition
		Weather permitting, we shall go for a walk. He was a gentleman, but he was passionate, the cup once sipped, would be consent to put it down.
	1.3.	an adverbial modifier of time
		The work being finished, the employees went home. This duty completed, he had three months leave. (Hardy)
2.	The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is placed at the end of the sentence as: an adverbial modifier of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function sentences with a Nominative Absolute Participial Construction are translated by complex sentences with a coordinate clause.
	2.1.	an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
		Mabel hurried out of the car and walked away, tears streaming down her face. She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully. He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed.