- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни національний педагогічний університет імені м. П. Драгоманова
- •Way to fluent English
- •Contents
- •Environmental protection
- •1. Read and translate the texts and new phrases.
- •1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
- •3. Write the questions to the text and discuss it in the class.
- •4. Match a new word with its definition.
- •5. Fill in missed letters:
- •6. Write your ides and suggestions about what you can do to reduce global warming:
- •7. Read and translate the text and then proceed to the tasks.
- •8. Answer the following questions:
- •9. Make up a dialogue using all new words and phrases from this module:
- •10. Read and translate new words and the text: Freshwater Becoming More Scarce.
- •11. Find the synonyms to the words from the text:
- •12. Answer the questions:
- •13. Complete the sentences.
- •14. Translate and explain what these words mean:
- •15. Discuss these questions in a group:
- •16. Read and translate new words and the text:What’s For Dinner? Genetically. Modified Foods
- •17. Are the sentences true or false? Correct the false sentences.
- •18. Find the opposite in the text.
- •19. Find the synonyms in the text.
- •20. Find out in the text English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:
- •21. Write the question to the text and discuss it in the class.
- •22. Fill in the sentences with the missed words.
- •23. Match word or word combination with its definition
- •24. Answer the following questions:
- •25. Write 10 advantages and 10 disadvantages about having a big family and compare your answers with your group mates.
- •26. Read, translate and retell the text. Are Dishwashers Good for the Environment?
- •27. Are the sentences true or false? Correct the false sentences:
- •28. Readers Respond: What are you doing to help reduce global warming and save the environment? Read the comments from the site http://environment.About.Com. Global warming.
- •Type 0 Conditionals: certainty, general truth
- •If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
- •If I’m suffering the Web, I use Google. Type 1 Conditionals: real present
- •If you feel lucky, you’ll expect good things.
- •If you study, you’ll pass the test. Practice
- •Type 2 Conditionals: unreal present
- •3. Complete the sentences using the most appropriate verb form from the list (Type 2 conditionals).
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Answer the questions according to what you understand from the sentences. Choose the correct answer: Yes, No or possibly.
- •5. What would you do If you were … ? Answer the questions using present or future unreal conditional. Discuss your answers with your classmates.
- •Type 3 Conditionals: unreal past
- •Practice
- •7. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Mixed Conditionals
- •Practice
- •1. Translate the sentences into English
- •Wishes (If only)
- •I wish you were here. (It’s a pity you are not here now.)
- •Practice
- •Check yourself
- •Reading for pleasure Sir Walter Scott
- •Exercises
- •Is it truth that young man has really forgotten the name of the 6th knight?
- •9. Read abstract I. For questions (1 – 5) choose the correct answer (a, b, c, d).
- •10. Read the abstract III. Your task is to put the statements (a - g) to (6 - 13) in correct order according to what the text says.
- •11. Read the abstract III. Choose from (a-g) the one which best fits each space (14 - 19).
- •Sport and games
- •1. Read and learn by heart the word list: Word List on the Subject “Sport and Games”
- •2. Read, translate and retell the text, given below, using the word list Sport and Games
- •3. Read and learn by heart word list:
- •4. Give names for the illustrated sports, using supplementary word list and word combinations:
- •5. Read the words and learn their meaning:
- •Indoor games
- •6. Match the following sports with the right pictures, using supplementary word list and word combinations:
- •7. Read these words and expressions, and learn them by heart:
- •8. Read the dialogues, translate them and choose one of them for learning by heart: Game and Sport
- •The Fitness Craze
- •9. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •10. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •11. Complete the following sentences with the words or phrases from the list below.
- •12. Complete these expressions using the things on the right.
- •13. Read, translate the text. Explain the words giving in the text. Answer the following questions.
- •14. Make up a short dialogue about Olympic Games, using the text, and retell it in pairs:
- •15. Fill in prepositions, if necessary, and explain:
- •16. Translate and retell the text.
- •17. Read and translate the text, given below. Speak on: “The role of sport in modern life”.” Sport as part of school and college life”. How healthy are you?
- •18. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •19. Read and translate the text, given below. Answer the questions, which are given under the text.
- •20. Match each word in column a with a word from column b, and translate each word:
- •21. Match each word in the left-hand column with the appropriate meaning from the right-hand column:
- •22. Read and translate the text, given below. Answer the questions: Sports in Great Britain
- •23. There are 16 sports in this puzzle. Can you find them?
- •24. Write a short description of your favourite sport giving the following information:
- •25. Memorize some idioms or idiomatic expressions dealing with the topic “Sport and Games”:
- •26. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar spot Wishes (If only)
- •I wish you were here. (It’s a pity you are not here now.)
- •Practice
- •Reading for pleasure Charles Dickens
- •Dombey and Son Part II
- •Part II
- •Exercises
- •9. Read and complete the text below. For each of the empty space (12-20) choose the correct answer (a, b, c, d).
- •10. Read the abstract below. For each of the empty space (17-21) choose the correct answer (a, b, c, d).
- •Health protection
- •1. A. Read and translate the text. Bedside manner and something more? …
- •2. Discuss with your group mates the famous proverb “To err is human”. Can this proverb be applied to the sphere of medicine and health? Do doctors have a right to be mistaken?
- •3. What is your opinion about health insurance? Do you consider it to be necessary in modern society? Give your reasons.
- •4. Explain the meaning of the following words:
- •5. Expressions with the word finger. Match the expressions with their definitions:
- •6. Look at the idioms above. Make a short story, using as much of them as you can. Retell the story to your group mates:
- •7. Fill in proper word:
- •8. Retell the text from ex.7, using the words underlined.
- •9. Write an article on the topic “The impact of the drugs on the human organism”.
- •10. Study the short articles below. Make your own notes about popular consumers’ goods nowadays and their impact on our health:
- •11. Comment on the texts given above. Express your opinion on the subject. Act out dialogues, using new words and thematic vocabulary.
- •12. Prepare a report about junk food and the impact of it’s consuming. Present it in front of the group.
- •14. A. Study the material about junk food. Discuss it in class.
- •Marketing
- •Pregnancy
- •15. Write an article about the problem of junk and unhealthy food in Ukraine. Use the words given in the texts above.
- •16. Rewrite the following sentences and replace the words in bold with phrases from the list:
- •17. Make up your own sentences with the idioms from ex/16:
- •18. A. Read and translate the texts. Blood pressure
- •19. Mind the vocabulary. Write and act out a dialogue on the topic “At the doctor’s”. Use phrases below as a model:
- •20. Match the sympthoms with the replies of the doctor:
- •21. Choose the right answer:
- •22. Read to the complaints below. If you were a doctor what would be your recommendations?
- •23. Study the idioms. Work with the vocabulary and find translation if you can’t guess:
- •24. Write a story, using all the idioms given in ex/23, present it in front of the group:
- •25. Fill in the correct word from the list, there’s 1 extra word:
- •26. Read and translate the text: healthy lifestyle
- •27. A. Find words and word-combinations that correspond to the following meaning:
- •28. Correct mistakes: Healthy Lifestyle
- •29. Write 8 questions to the text, use different types of questions:
- •30. Imagine that you are a doctor. Now you are to give advice to your patient about how to change the lifestyle. Make a dialog, using words and word-combinations from the text.
- •31. Write a timetable of a person who leads a healthy way of life. Discuss it with your groupmates. Grammar spot
- •1. Open the brackets using unreal past.
- •2. W rite sentences with an if-clause.
- •3. Open the brackets using unreal past.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using unreal past
- •6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •Reading for pleasure Oscar Wilde
- •The Happy Prince
- •Exercises
- •1. For questions (1-5) choose the correct answer (a, b, c, d).
- •2. Your task is to put the statements (a - f) to (6-11) in correct order according to what the text says.
- •4. Act the dialogues
- •Love & Marriage
- •Vocabulary:
- •Finding a partner
- •1. There are 15 words connected with marriage. Find them and solve a puzzle.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Using this proverb “a great dowry is a bed full of brambles” (“Лучше на убогой жениться, чем с богатой браниться”) make up the story of your own.
- •4. Find the synonyms to the words.
- •5. Find the opposite in the text.
- •6. Describe the picture using the following idioms:
- •1. Unknown words
- •2. Read the text.
- •1. Guessing the riddle.
- •Being in love
- •1. Read all these statements and discuss them in pairs. Battlefield or bed of roses?
- •2. Read these dialogues; explain Dave’s and Brad’s relationships. After discussion make up your own stories connected with topic: “Being in love”.
- •It's as plain as the nose on your face!
- •A chance for romance.
- •3. Romantic quiz
- •4. Love hearts
- •5. Look at the picture. Image your future wedding. Tell us a beautiful story about your white wedding. Try to use all new words, what we have learnt and these proverbs:
- •6. Look at the pictures of Marriages signs, listen to their descriptions, try to guess what it is and say it in one word.
- •Wedding Customs
- •True love
- •On the way to the wedding
- •1. Task: Make a presentation with using all new words you have learnt.
- •2. Learn by heart the idioms:
- •3. Translate these sentences into English, use new idioms.
- •Grammar spot the infinitive
- •The Forms of the Infinitive
- •The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8 Organize the expressions into the sentences and translate them
- •Infinitive Constructions
- •The Objective InfinitiveConstruction (Complex Object)
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject)
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •Exercise 15
- •Exercise 16
- •The Devoted Friend
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the questions.
- •Religion
- •1. Study the following:
- •2. Match the following English idioms to their respective dictionary definitions and give the translation of the definitions.
- •3. Read the words and their explanations. Give the translation of them.
- •1 Kings 2:46
- •4. Wisdom is Supreme
- •4. Match the following English idioms to their respective dictionary definitions.
- •5. In the following sentences, there is an idiom. Decide what you think is the key word, then look in your dictionary to see if you are right. Rewrite the sentences in non-idiomatic English.
- •6. The following sentences all contain an idiom with one key word missing. Choose one of the four alternatives to complete the idiom.
- •7. The following sentences all contain some idioms. Read and translate them into English. Use a Russian-English dictionary and the English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by a. V. Kunin.
- •8. Link each of the pictures with one of the idioms listed below. Comment on the meaning of each of them. Use them in situations of your own.
- •9. Use the idioms to make up a story. Each student should take turns building upon the sentence, turn by turn.
- •10. In the following sentences, there is an idiom. Expand on the sentences.
- •11. The following sentences all contain an idiom with one key word missing. Choose one of the four alternatives to complete the idiom and translate the sentences.
- •12. Explain and expand on the following. Use the idioms given in Unit 11.
- •13. Continue the following dialogue. Use the idioms given in Unit 11.
- •14. Read and translate the following passage into Russian.
- •15. Speak on one of the following topics.
- •17. Make up the dialogue where the last phrase will be: "So as the proverb goes..."
- •18. A. Read the following passages and choose the correct key word to complete the idioms. Translate the passages into Ukrainian.
- •19. Speak on one of the following topics.
- •Grammar spot The Gerund
- •The Forms of the Gerund
- •TheFunctions of the Gerund in the Sentence
- •Predicative Constructions with the Gerund
- •Exercise 5
- •Reading for pleasure o. Henry
- •Schools and Schools
- •2. Prove that:
- •3. Add more information to these:
- •5. Imagine that you are:
- •1. Learn new words:
- •2. A. Fill in missed letters:
- •3. There are 17 words connected with food. They go across → and down ↓. Find them and write them here.
- •4. Put the following eating and drinking verbs into the correct squares.
- •5. Read and translate the dialogues. Learn one of them and act on the lesson.
- •6. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English.
- •7. Put in the right order the dialogue. Read, translate and act it.
- •8. Fill in the sentences with the missed words.
- •9. Read and translate the text and then proceed to the tasks.
- •10. Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage below.
- •11. Group the words below under the following headings.
- •13. Answer the questions.
- •14. Choose a possible adjective to describe each of these foods.
- •15. Match the method of cooking with its definition.
- •16. Put the following names of food and drink under the right headings on the menu.
- •17. A. Translate the following words and word-combinations from the text.
- •In search of good English food
- •18. Translate the proverbs into Ukrainian and explain them in English.
- •19. Match the following English idioms to their respective dictionary definitions.
- •20. Rewrite the sentences in non-idiomatic English.
- •21. Fill in the text with English equivalents of the words. Food for Thought
- •22. Which are the odd men out?
- •23. Complete the table by giving examples for each category. Types of Food
- •24. Fill in the blanks with the right word.
- •24. Read, translate and retell the text. Chocolate – like falling in love …
- •25. Translate into English.
- •26. Write the recipe of your favourite dessert.
- •27. Read, translate and retell the text. Ukrainian cookery
- •Ice Cream
- •29. Translate the dialogue into English.
- •30. Write your own dialogue “At the restaurant” and act it in the class.
- •31. Match two columns. Table manners
- •32. Read and translate the text. Garlic: Nature’s oldest remedy
- •33. Fill in the blanks with the right word.
- •34. Crossword
- •The Participle
- •The Forms of the Participle
- •TheFunctions of the Participle in the Sentence
- •Insert Participle I or Participle II
- •Predicative Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Reading with pleasure No Story by o.Henry
- •1. Add more information to the following:
The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Participial Construction. Its nominal part is usually a noun in the Common case, or very rarely a personal pronoun in the Objective case. The Construction is more closely related to the predicate verb and is seldom set off by the comma.
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The Absolute Participial Construction functions as: an adverbial modifier of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function sentences with a Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction are translated by complex sentences with a coordinate clause or a subordinate clause, and sometimes by means of a prepositional phrase or an adverbial participle (деепричастие).
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An additional idea of time, reason (cause) or condition may be prompted by the context, as in: | |
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Exercise 12
Analyze Participle Constructions. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
Не painted in black and white not being fond of colours.
Many of these questions are fundamental to the problem of the collapse of ancient civilization, yet, having raised them, the author left them unanswered.
Most people, asked if they can think without speech, would probably answer, «Yes, but it is not easy for us to do so».
Blows fell thick and fast until one group, having lost some of its warriors, fled from the field.
Deprived of their leaders, the English became disorganized.
This letter, having been addressed to the wrong house, never reached my friend.
William's ship was in the van, and, being less heavily laden than the transports, outdistanced them during the night and appeared alone at dawn off the English coast.
Again he asked if the enemy were defeated; and being told that they were, observed: «It is a great satisfaction to me to know that we have beaten the French».
Given certain conditions, such work could be done by everybody.
His prose essays were written at various times, being as a rule prefixed to his poems and dramas.
Being brought to his lodging, the surgeons examined his wound but there was no hope; that very evening he died.
Granted different historical conditions, it is quite possible that the official language of Italy today might be a polished Sicilian, or Umbriari, or Bolognese, instead of a polished Tuscan.
Taken in this ordinary literary sense this phrase refers only to time, but colloquially it is often used to mean «at any circumstances».
These poets developed their particular style so far that they drove from poetry all signs of natural feeling. Thus, following nature without art came art without nature, and following that, a fairly good combination of the two.
A cloud of suspicion had gathered about him, and he found it best to flee the country for England, closely followed by eighteen chests of books.
Given a minimal nonredundant valuation, as above, we can define a phoneme as a set of segments with identical values.
The rains in Egypt begin to fall in March, and being supplemented by the melting of the mountain snows in the following months, occasion a perceptible rise in the river about the end of June.
This is an extreme example of a periodic style. It demands close attention; read cursorily, it is hard to understand.
Given to the world in 1938 this work was translated into English only twenty years later.
Abandoning the study of law, Oliver Holmes graduated in medicine, finishing his course with a two years study in Paris.
This hospital was created by Harun-al-Rashid at the beginning of the ninth century, following the Persian model, as its name indicates.
Given any specific vocabulary of speech signals, we can calculate the relative importance of each feature for distinguishing the alternative signals and so devise a weighting factor for each channel.
Exercise 13
Analyze the forms of the Participle. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
If translated into European languages this historical work may prove helpful both to historians and ethnographers.
When asked why he had done so he smiled but did not say a word.
When sent to the North he took part in the exploration of the tundra.
If taken separately the sentence may be rendered in quite a different sense.
If sent two copies of this book could you give me one?
When reading books we often come across different expressions denoting one and the same notion.
This photograph would be missed at once if taken from her.
If asked for this book can be found easily.
When asked to give an account of your search do not forget to say a few words about your latest find.
The conclusion would be hazardous unless supported by further evidence.
Не paints the North as he feels it, and I am sure the English Academy-goer would declare, when looking at his pictures, that no such scenes as those represented could be found under the sun.
When cleaned and dried, this canoe weighed sixty pounds, and could be transported with the greatest facility by a single individual.
In the 18th century when seeking for gold and silver many Europeans went to the newly discovered continent of America.
When unaccented all the English vowels tend to become the neutral sound.
Any dead fish soon acquires an exceedingly unpleasant smell if left exposed for only a few hours, but the odor of a dead herring becomes twice noticeable.
The shells themselves, while showing traces of approaching disintegration, are still in a sound condition, excepting, however, those near the substratum.
Books are reserved for readers for two days and if not applied for are returned to the shelves on the morning of the third day.
In those days in Japan, the tea was so much a favourite pastime with the feudal lords that they could not do without it even while occupied with military affairs.
When struck with a flint, iron pyrites gives a spark, just as steel does. So upper palaeolithic Europeans had discovered the method of fire production.
Al-Kindi's principal work on geometrical and physical optics, based on the «Optics» of Euclid, was widely used in both East and West until superseded by the greater work of ibn-al-Haythana.
Exercise 14
Translate into Ukrainian
Turning now to other sources, we come upon groups of words of very various kind.
Speaking somewhat inexactly, it may be said, that a language is the product of the thought of a nation, and reflects its corporate character.
Rightly understood, it follows that all attempts to connect particular types of linguistic morphology with certain correlated stages of culture development are vain.
Coming back to general usage, there is a form of slang which consists of cutting down and abbreviating long words, or using their initials, as when one says «maths» for «mathematics».
Broadly considered, words may be divided, according to use, into two great classes.
As already observed the work under consideration is not primarily linguistic in nature and does not introduce new linguistic data.
Exercise 15
Translate the sentences with Participle I + as it does (did), Participle II + as it is (are, was) into Ukrainian
Pushkin's heroine, Tatiana, belonging as she did to a provincial family, had no English, though she quite certainly had had a French governess just before the curtain of the romance gently rose.
Even Herodotus and Plato, far removed as they are from us in point of time, are immeasurably nearer to Modern Englishmen in all their ideas, sentiments, and moral standards, than the Japanese of fifty years ago.
The figure of the heroine herself is decidedly original, differing as it does from all former dramatic conceptions of the «Maid of Orleans».
But as a matter of fact, the impression produced by these linked verses is delightful in the extreme, passing as they do before the reader like a series of dissolving views, vague, graceful, and suggestive.
This monument is not well placed. Standing as it does in the bend of Broadway, where the tide of traffic surges about it, and having for a background a jagged range of sky-scrapers, the monument does not show to advantage from any point of view.
The tragical History of Dr. Faustus is his masterpiece, containing as it does, passages of poetry which even Shakespeare has not excelled.
This work was published in 1884, and it must have made an instant appeal to Oscar Wilde. The strange character of the hero, founded as it was upon the living original of Count Robert de Montesquieu, must have seemed to the young Englishman the incarnation of his own ideas.
As the hot July morning advanced the Crusaders began to doubt whether they could hold out against the ceaseless rain of missiles. But, surrounded as they were, flight was impossible and surrender would mean captivity and slavery.
Exercise 16
Analyze The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
These tribes supported themselves by hunting, elk being obviously the most valuable game: it provided meat, skin, bones.
A University was established at Constantinople in 425, teaching being conducted both in Latin and Greek.
Hunting being forbidden there, these little islands are a paradise for geese, ducks and snipe.
In such conflicts prisoners are never made, the conquerors preferring the heads of their victims to any ransom that could be offered.
In the Celtic regions the population is dispersed, each family living separately with the greater part of its fields around it.
The deposits in this place are two in number, the larger being situated on the northern side of the creek.
The matter of definitions settled, we may begin our consideration of cultural influences.
Three quarters of England was last night blanketed by fog and conditions were among the worst of the winter, with ice adding to driver's difficulties.
A French warship arriving almost immediately afterwards, the Japanese explained that the man had been killed by a fall from his horse.
China was then divided into several kingdoms, each trying to gain the upperhand.
With the Romans gone, Britain became a prey to invasion from all sides.
Lesser authors have been treated in due proportion, care having been taken not to crowd the book with names, dates, or unimportant details.
The works from which to take the samples having been selected, the second question to decide was that of the quality and quantity of the sample, that is, its composition and size.
At that time Latin was the language of professional intercourse in Western Europe, the vernaculars being regarded as only fit for the baser purposes of life, and for the conversation of the unlearned.
The new instrument (the plough) being usually made entirely of wood till the Iron Age, its history can only be inferred from occasional pictures, or more rarely from ancient field boundaries.
Exercise 17
Translate into English, using the Objective or the Subjective Participle Construction
В дитинстві я часто чув, як матір співала цю пісню.
Ми не бачили його вже кілька років, але часто чули, як його ім’я згадували в домі його батьків.
Коли він підходив до церкви, то побачив, що люди вже розходились.
Учора я не відремонтував годинник, тому що всі майстерні вже були закриті.
Не розумію, коли вам вдалося налагодити фортепіано, яке вже роки зо два не звучало?
Exercise 18
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
My station was in that part of the house which was appropriated for the reception of books, it being my duty to perform the functions of librarian as well as secretary.
Salmon, deer, roots and berries are the principal food of natives, these being dried for storage.
In general outline the central tumulus may be regarded as quadrangular, if we disregard a slight angle to the south. That taken into account, its form is pentagonal.
There being no other choice, they decided to break through.
The Normans became the aristocracy in England of that time, and the Saxons the degraded and servile class, the former speaking a dialect of the French language, and the latter holding obstinately by their own expressive tongue.
According to this view pottery is an invention made early in man's history at some definite time and place and from that centre of origin all known cases of the use of pottery have been derived, it being unthinkable, according to this view, that such invention could ever have been made twice.
Many more of the most precious pictures having had to be moved from the East part of the Museum to the air-conditioned rooms on the West wing, it has been possible to bring up again into the rooms adjoining the dome a considerable number of Italian Renaissance pictures.
She is best in her short stories, for in the longer ones she is at times very unequal, there being surprising differences in the worth of both dialogue and character at different places in the same work.
The primary purposes for which language is employed being to think clearly and to make oneself understood, most changes made by the general will and collective intelligence are in the direction to secure these ends.
In comparative lexicology we constantly see how the things to be represented by words are grouped differently according to the whims of different languages, what is fused together in one being separated in another.
Exercise 19
Analyze the forms of the Participle. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
My station was in that part of the house which was appropriated for the reception of books, it being my duty to perform the functions of librarian as well as secretary.
Many of the new compounds have come to Chinese by way of Japanese, the Japanese having set themselves earlier than the Chinese to assimilate the teachings of European science.
All the city (Madras) to the north of the old fort contains the native quarters, and the business offices of the white men, but the latter live to the south of the fort, their houses standing in large gardens.
The origin of several of the names in «Hamlet» having been explained in this section, we may as well note here some of the others.
The monkey is regarded by the natives with superstitious reverence, the power of walking erect and talking being ascribed to it, and is esteemed a clever physician.
By the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries fur had become Russia's most important single item in foreign and domestic commerce, Russian furs being prominent in the markets of both Europe and China.
We see this complex process of interaction of language and thought actually taking place under our eyes.
The sets of ivory panels illustrated the men of Iran bringing in their vassal tribute to the king of Assyria.
Sometimes we find the simple present and simple past used instead of future and other compound tenses.
Later we find Shakespeare using this style in prose dialogue, sometimes merely in caricature, but at other times quite seriously.
The first plays from his hand (Shakespeare's) show him mainly concerned with perfecting his mastery of the instruments of his craft.
The caliph did not like his new palace: he had the building pulled down and rebuilt.
I had all my things stolen in the South of France one year.
When I described the stone knives found in China, I had not had yet my attention drawn to the earliest typo of this instrument.
The Chartist movement is generally recognized as occupying an important place not only in Britain but also in international history.
We identifyed these ruins as belonging to the Chin Dynasty.
The author mentioned Ngoru as having in his time been inundated, though it is now eight miles from the water.
It is evident that Greeks peopled untamed nature, the mountains and the forests, with various daemons which were thought of as having half-animal, half-human shape.
However one must not consider this distinction as holding good 26 absolutely.
The wholesale deforestation of the country by the natives must be reckoned as having had a detrimental effect on the rain-supply.
However, he viewed the glottal stop as being one type of vowel onset or release.
Voice is that form of the verb which shows whether what is named by the subject does something or has something done to it.
The chief of the tribe had had a large oven dug, which was lit on the morning of the day the feast was to take place.
It is well known that some savages fear to have their pictures taken. The portrait is considered as a part of the individual, so that damage to the former will surely involve the latter in misfortune.
«I'll have this dog poisoned», he said as he fled from the room.
Exercise 20
Translate the text into English, using Participles or Participle Construction
Артур став навколішки і схилився над стрімким краєм прірви.
Величезні сосни, потемнілі у вечірньому присмерку, стояли мов неживі, обступаючи річку вздовж вузьких берегів. Та ось сонце, червоне, як жевріючий камінь, спустилося за шпичасті вершини гір, і життя й світло зникло з лиця природи.
Одразу ж з долини піднялося щось темне і грізне – похмуре, жахливе, сповнене невидимої боротьби. Прямовисні обриви західних гір нагадували зуби потвори, яка причаїлася, щоб схопити свою жертву і потягти вниз, в пащу глибокої чорної прірви. Сосни здавались рядами розбійників з ножами, що шепотіли: «Нападем на вас»; в наступаючій темряві ревів і завивав потік, б’ючись об кам’яні стіни своєї в’язниці з люттю одвічного відчаю