5. Study the following information carefully and use it for your next presentations.

Linking Words

While making presentation in English it’s important to take into account consistent presentment of information, so linking words (links) and some more phrases are used for logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence. You can pass fluently throughout your presentation with the help of these phrases:

1) Sequence:

to start/begin with /at first / first(ly) / first of all / /initially / above all;

then / afterwards / next / further on / second(ly) / third(ly);

finally / lastly / eventually / in conclusion / in the end

e.g. To get the reliable results we should first try out both techniques. Next, we’ll carry out the series of experiments. Then we’ll compile all the data and compare them with the previous ones. Finally, we must conclude which is the best one.

2) Addition:

in addition to/ additionally / besides / also / afterwards / moreover / furthermore / as well / as well as / what is more / not only … but also

e.g. Nanochemists deal with complex pharmaceutical molecules as well as drug-delivery-systems.

3) Going into Details / Detalization:

in particular / particularly / namely / that is / especially / in other words /

for example / for instance / such as / like /

e.g. Last decades a number of unique materials like organosilicon, cermet, kevlar became widely used in industry, in particular, aircraft industry, shipbuilding, advanced technologies, etc.

4) Cause-and-Effect Relations:

since / as / as far as / because of / due to / thanks to / for this reason / therefore / as a result / consequently / hence / thereby / if so (not) ….then / in that case / otherwise / anyway / at any rate / in any case/that’s why

e.g. Zink is resistant to corrosion, therefore zink-rich primers are the best anti-corrosive coatings.

3) Contradiction / Contrast

however / nevertheless / though / although / but / while / whereas / not … but / instead of/ on the contrary / in spite of / despite the fact that / even if / even though / otherwise / on the one hand …, but on the other / for one thing…, for another one/ as distinct from / unlike

e.g. Insecticide spraying protects vegetable crops, however, such chemicals influence human health.

4) Comparison

in comparison with / by contrast to / as compared to / as … as / not so … as / than /like any other / similar to /unlike / the less…, the lower …/ in the same way / in another way

e.g. This composite possesses unique combination of properties as compared to the previous one.

5) Generalizing / Summarizing

thus / on the whole / in conclusion / to conclude this talk / to sum up / taking into account / to put it briefly, / in general / generally speaking /

e.g. On the whole, the technique developed by our research team turned to be promising for some chemical branches.

6. Match the two parts of the sentences.

1. Evaporation is to be completed. No, actually …	a) a notable odor may accompany the presence of a refinery.
2. Vanadium steel is harder in the red-hot state than when it is cold, therefore…	b) it would be reasonable to improve technological processes.
3. Natural glass is fragile, whereas…	c) national economic benefit.
4. Lithium has come into use quite recently as far as …	d) alternative ones are being actively developed in many countries nowadays.
5. Oil and gas still remain the most common energy resources in the fuel and energy sector, however …	e) many years after its discovery it was a useless curiosity.
6. Waste treatment plants may cost more than the production technology itself, hence …	f) quenched glass is much more stronger.
7. Trapping and recuperation of useful products in smoke emissions have sanitary and ecological as well as …	g) this new modification turned out to have some by-effects.
8. The refining process can cause many different chemicals to be released into the atmosphere, consequently…	h) it is used in manufacture of rail-tracks and some other applications where friction generates heat.
9. Our partners improved the unit, however…	i) some minutes left.