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20 DlalJa 3. KnaccurPwcau,WI
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3.1. reltemu'tecl<:aJl KJiaccurPuKau,UJl |
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3.1. FeHemU'IeClwJI K./IOCCU¢UICOU,UJI |
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TaKHe 6apbepbJ OTJIHqaIOTCff He TOJIhKO no reOXHMH 'IeCKI1M oc06eHHOCTffM (no pa3BHTI1IO cneu,l1(pH'IeCKHX
3KOJIOrO-reOXHMH'IeCKI1X 113MeHeHHH B 6110c<pe pe), HO 11 no B03MO}!(HOCTffM 11 TeXHOJIOrl1ffM nepepa60TKI1 HaKonHB ll1erocH Ha HI1X MaTepl1aJIa, no B03,n:eMCTBHIO Ha OKpY.lKaIO Il(YIO cpe,n:y 11 Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO Ha ::mopOBhe JIIO,n:eM.
):(aJIbHeHWaH KJIaCCI1<pHKau,HH COUl1aJIbHbIX 6aphepOB nOKa He pa3pa60TaHa, XOTH npOMbIWJIeHHaff nepepa60TKa
HaKOnHBll1I1XCff Ha HI1X BemeCTB 11 CmI3aHHble C 3THMI1 6a p&epaMH 3KOJIOrH'IeCKI1e np06JIeMbI Y.lKe CeM'-IaC Tpe6YIOT I1X 60JIee ,n:p06Horo ,n:eJIeHI1H H 113Y'lemHI oc06eHHOCTeH.
EbITOBbIM COUl1aJIhHhIM 6apbepaM CJIe,n:yeT npHCBOHTh
CHMBOJI N, CTpOfneJIhHhIM - 0, npOMbIWJIeHHhIM |
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CMOTpeHHhlX KJIaCCOB (no,n:KJIaCCOB) reOXHMH'IeCKHX 6apbe pOB. 0603Ha'IaTb HX I~eJIeco06pa3HO CHMBOJIaMH Ka.lK,n:oro
H3 COCTaBJIffIOll(HX 6apbepOB, pa::meJIffff HX 3anffTbIMH. TaK, COBMemeHHe KHCJIOpo,n:Horo H Cop6u,HOHHoro 6apbepOB, C03.uaIOmee BbIwepaCCMOTpeHHbIM KOMnJIeKCHhIM 6aphep npH BbIxo.ue Ha nOBepXHOCTb no,n:3eMHbIX CJIa60KHCJIhIX fJIee BbIX BO,n:, MO)lCHO CHMBOJIaMH npe,n:CTaBHTb TaK: F-6, G.
3.2. .K.JIacCH€innGll1,UU, nOCTpOeHHhle
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Mo.lKHO KJIaCCH<pHUHP0BaTb reOXHMHl.(eCKHe 6apbephl no u,eJIOMY PMY npH3HaKOB, Henocpe,n:crneHHO He CBH3aHHbIX C HX I'eHe3HCOM. TaK, B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT pa3MepOB Bbl,lI,eJIHIOT CH MaKpo-, Me30- H MI1Kp06aphephI. K MaKpozeOXUMUlfeCKUM 6apbepaM OTHOCHTCH 30HhI C pe3KI1M YMeHhWeHl1eM HHTeH
30 Dlaoa 3. Kilaccut/JuKal{UfI
CHBHOC1'H MI1:rpaUHH XHMHqeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha paCCT05! HHH B TbIC51'lH MeTpOB. MOlUHOCTH 30H MOryT ,llOCTHraTb HeCKOJIbKHX COTeH MeTpOB. TaKHMH 6apbepaMH 5lBJ15!IOTC51, HarrpHMep, ,lleJIb1'bI KpyrrHbIX peK, r,lle rrpOHCXO,llHT CMellIH-. BaHHe rrpeCHbIX pe'lHbIX BO,ll (HX MO).KHO paCCMaTpHBa1'b KaK cBoe06pa3Hble KOJIJIOH,llHbIe paCTBopbI) C MOPCKHMH, KOTophle 5lBJ151IOTC5! CJIa6bIMH 3JIeKTpOJIHTaMH. B 3THX yc JIOBIUIX rrpOHCXO,llHT OCa2K,lleHHe KOJIJIOH,llOB, 'ITO MoxeT ,llaxe 5!BJI5lTbC51 Ha'faJIOM <pOPMHPOBaI-IH5! OCa.uO'lHbIX Mec- 1'Op02K,lleHHH.
llpoTR)KeHHOCTb Me306apbep06 06bI'IHO KOJIe6JIeTCH OT rrepBblx Me1'pOB ,ll0 TbIC51'IH MeTpOB. Hx rrpHMepOM MOryT 6bITh KpaCBble 30HbI60)I01', me pe3KO H3MCH51I01'C5! OKHCJIH- 1'eJIbHO-BOCC1'aHOBHTeJIhHhIe YCJIOBH5! H MOryT HaKarumBaTh C5! MHorHe XHMH'IeCKHe 3JICMeHThI, rrpeJIBapHTeJIbHO llbI
IIICJIOqeHHhIC H3 BOJIOpa3,llCJlbHhIX H CKJIOHOBhIX yqacTKOB. Pa3Mepbl MUICpo6apbepoe MOrYT KOJIe6aTbC5! 01' JIOJIei1
MHIDLHMeTpa JIO rrepBblx MeTpOB. K HHM OTHOCHTC51 H 6a pbepbI, Bbl)leJI51eMhIe AJI. KOBaJIeBCKHM B OT,lleJIbHbIX pac TeHH51X, H 6apbephI, Ha KOTOPbIX Q:>OPMHPyIOTC51 PYJIHble rrpOXHJIKH H XHJIbI B rrpeJIeJIax MeCTOpO)K,llCHHll rrOJIe3HhIX HCKorraeMbIX.
llPI1 ,llBHXeHHH K OJIHOMY H TOMY xe 6apbepy C pa3 HbIX CTOPOH rrOTOKOB C MHrpHpyIOIIIHMH B HHX BelueCTBa MH Q:>OPMHPYIOTC5! oeycmopoHllue reOXHMlfl-leCKHe 6apbepbJ. Ha HHX MOryT KOHueHTpHpOBaTbC5J XHMHqCCKHe 3JIeMeH TbI, 06pa3YIOIIIHe pa3HOpOJIHble aCCOUHaUHH [55].
AM. llepeJIbMaHOM BbI,lleJI51IOTC51 B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01'
opHeHTaUHH B rrpOCTpaHCTBe MHrpaUHOHHhIX rrOTOKOB H TaKHe 6apbepbI, KaK /lamepa.n.bHbte H paOUa/lbHbte (eepmu lCa/lbHbte). llepBhIe 06pa3YIOTC5! rrpH cy6ropH30HTaJIbHOM, a
B1'ophIe rrpH cy6Bep1'HKaJIbHOM HarrpaBJICHH5!X rrOTOKOB
C Bem.eCTBaMI1, 06pa3YIOIIIHMH rrOBbIllIeHHhIe KOHueHTpa UHH Ha 6apbepax. B CJIyqae TCXHoreHHoro 3arp5!3HeHHH rrOBepXHOC1'H rrO'IB pa.uHaJIbHbIC 6apbepbI 5lBJI5lIOTC5! 30HOll HaKOrrJIeHH5!-OCa)K,lleHH5! rrpO,llYKTOB TeXHOreHe3a H3 MHr pHpYIOIIIero rrOTOKa B rrO'lBbI. KpoMe TOro, OHH, rro MHe HHIO H.ll. COJIHueBOll [61], 5!BJI51IOTC5! «OCHOBHOH <pOPMOll 3aIIIH1'bI rrOqBeHHO-rpYHTOBbIX BOJI OT 3arp513HeHH51».
3.2. KIIaccut/JuKal{UU, nocmpoeHHble He no eeHemU'leCKUM npU3HaKaM |
31 |
OrMeTHM TaKXe, 'ITO pa.uHaJIbHbIe 6apbepbI <P0PMHPY IOTC51 He TOJIbKO rrpH JIBHXeHHH rrOTOKOB CBepxy BHH3 (KaK 31'0 6bIDO paCCM01'peHO BbIIIIe), HO H CHH3Y BBepx. MMeH HO Ha 1'aKHX 6apbepax O'feHb 'faCTO Ha'fHHae1'C5! pacrra.u pa3JIH'IHbIX KOMIlJIeKCHblX Coe,llHHeHHH B rH)lpOTepMax H Ha'IHHae1' <pOpMHpOBaTbC5! BepTHKaJIbHa5! 30HaJIbHOCTb opY,lleHeHH51 [4, 6, 10] ,lleTaJIbHO orrHCaHHa5l JI.H.OB'fHH HHKOBbIM H C.B. fPHroP5!HOM [51].
llPHp0,llHble JIaTepaJIbHble 6apbepbI 6HOC<pePbI BO MHO rOM OTpaxaIOT JIaH,llllIa<pTHo-reOXHMH'IeCKYIO KOHTpaCT HOCTb 1'eppHTOpHH, a rrpH rrOCTyrrJIeHHH Bell~eCTB C TeXHO reHHbIMH rrOTOKaMH - KOHTpaCTHOCTb cnOllCTE 06beKTOB, BbHlOJIH5!IOlUHX 6apbepHble <PYHKllHH, H CBOHCTB rrOCTyrraIO IIIHX rrOTOKOB [61].
C yqeTOM cnoco6a rrOCTyrrJIeHIDI XHMH'IeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha 6apbep Cpe,llH rrOCJIe,llHHX HHOr,lla Bbl)leJI5!101'C51 ouq;q;y Ultq;UIlbmpau,uoHHbte, XOT51 06bJqHO rrpH HaJIH'IHH HH<pHJIbTpaUHOHHbIX 6apbepoB B03HHKaIOT H JIH<P<PY3HOH Hble. ma 3aKOHOMepHOCTb Ha6mo,llaeTc5! rrpH <pOpMHpoBa
HHH H MHKpo6apbepoB, H MaKp06apbepoB.
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K qHCJIY Ba)l(HCl1:IllHX KOJIHqeCTBeHHbIX napaMeTpOB (pHC. 4) OTHOCHTC5I cpaiJuenm 6apbepa. OH onpe)leJI5IeTC51 rro <POPMYJIC [55]:
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P, Eh, KOJIHqCCTBO paCTBopeHlIOro B BO)le KHCJIOpO)la HJIH CepOBO,ll,opo)la H T.)l.); ~ rrOKaJaTeJIb, XapaKTepH3YK>mHl1: reOXHMHqecKyro 06CTaHOBKY B MHrpauHOHHOM rrOTOKe cpa 3Y )l(e nOCJIe 6apbCpa; I MOmHOCTb (IllHpHHa) 6aphepa..
TaKHM 06pa30M, rpMHeHThl 6apbcpOB MOryr 6bITb BbI Pa)l(CHbI B rpanycax/M, pH/M, Eh/M H T.)l.
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TaK KaK B HTOre Ha reOXHMHqeCKOM 6apbepe B 6oJIh IllHHCTBe CJIyqaeB <POPMHPYIOTC5I reOXHMHqCCKHe aHOMa JIHH, TO 0 KOH'IpaCTHOCTH 6apbepa MO)I(HO CY)lHTb H rro
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06h.NHO HHTeHCHBHOCTh HaKOrrJIeHH5I XHMHqeCKHX 3JIe MeHTOB (HX COe)lHHcHHi1:) YBeJIHqHBaeTC5I C B03paCTaHHeM 3HaqCHHl1: rpa)lHeHTa H KOH'IpaCTHOCTH reoXHMJ1qecKHX 6aphC pOB. )1,JI5I paCqeTa lCoHu,eHmpau,uu 3JleMeHm08 lIa 6aphepc
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2 reoxlI"..."""",. 6apbepbl
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<I>opMHpoBaHHe npHpo)lHbIX reOXHMH'IeCKHX 6apbepoB npoHcxO)lHT Ha Y'IaCTKax H3MeHeHWI reOXHMH'IeCKHX (3KO JIorO-reOXHMH'IeCKHx) 06CTaHOBOK, npH'IeM 3TH H3MeHe HHR )lOJI:lKHbI 06YCJIaBJIHBaTbCR npHpO)lHbIMH q,aKTOpaMH. KpOMe Toro, CMeHa O)lHOH reOXHMH'IeCKOH 06CTaHOBKH )lpyrOH )lOJIXHa npOHCXO)lHTh )lOCTaTO'IHO pe3KO, a CJIe)lO
BaTeJIbHO, Ha )lOBOJIbHO KOPOTKOM paCCTORHHH. Hy:lKHO
cpa3y xe OroBOPHTh HeKOTophle reHeTH'IeCKHe H TePMHHO JIOrH'IeCKHe OTJIH'IH.SI reOXHMI1'IeCKI1X 6aphepoB H q,OPMH pyromHXcR Ha HHX aHOMaJIHH. TaK, eCJIH Ha npHpo)lHOM 6aphepe H,lleT KOHueH1'paUH.SI BemeCTB, HCTO'IHHK KOTOPhlX TaK:lKe npHpO)lHhIH, TO MO:lKHO rOBOpHTh 0 B03HHKHOBeHHH npl1pO)lHOH reOXHMH'IeCKOH aHOMaJIHH Ha npHpO)lHOM 6a Pbepe. ECJIH xe HCTO'IHHK KOHueH1'pHpyromHxCR BemecTB TeXHOreHHhrH, TO Ha npHpO)lHOM 6apbepe H,lleT q,opMHpOBa HHe TeXHOreHHoH aHOMaJIHH. IIpH BhICOKOH KOHueH1'paUHH, 60JIbWHX pa3Mepax H 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH ueJIeC006pa3Hocm H3BJIe'IeHHR OTJIOXHBWHXCR BemecTB BMeCTO aHOMaJIHH pa3roBop 6Y)leT H,llTH 0 npHpO)lHhIX HJIH TexHoreHHblx Mec TOpO)K,l(eHHRX (TeJIax nOJIe3HhIX HCKonaeMhlx), B03HHKW11X Ha npHpO)lHOM ;reOXHMH'IeCKOM 6aphepe.
ITo reHem'IeCKOH KJIaCcHq,HKaUHH (A.M. ITepeJlbMaHa) Bce npl1pO)lHbIe 6aphephI pa3)leJIHIOTCH Ha 'IeThlpe OCHOB HhIX KJIacca: q,H3HKo-xHMmecKHe, MeXaHH'IeCKHe, 6Horeo XHMH'IeCKHe H KOMTIJleKCHbIe. KpaTKo paccMo1'pHM HX.
5.1. <l>H3HKO-XHMH'IeCKHe 6apbePbl
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5.1. t!JU3UKO-XUMU'IeCKUe 6apbepbl |
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BO)lbI OKeaHa), TO q,OpMHpOBamIe KHCJIOPO)lHbIX 6apbepOB Ha 3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTH JIHMHTHpyeTcR B OCHOBHOM HaJIH 'IHeM MHrpaUHoHHoro nOTOKa 6eCKHCJIOPO)lHbIX BO)l.
OKHCJIHTeJIbHhIH 6apbep MOXeT TaK:lKe B03HHKHYTb npH CMeHe pe3KOBOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH CJIa60BOCCTaHO BHTeJIbHbIMH H CJIa600KHCJIHTeJIbHhIX - pe3KOOKHCJIHTeJIb HbIMH. B 3mx CJIyqMX pe3KO yseJIH'IHBaeTCR 3Ha'IeHHe Eh.
113 MeTaJIJIOB Ha KHCJIOPO)lHbIX 6apbepax OCa:lK)laIOTCR Fe H Mn C nepeMeHHoH BaJIeHTHOCTbIO H COBMCCTHO C HHMH, HO rOpa3)l0 pexe Co. )KCJIe30 KOHUCH1'pHpyeTcR Ha nO)laBJIRIOmCM 60JIbWHHCTBe 6apbepoB H3 rJIeeBbIX BO)l H HHOr)la H3 CHJIbHOKHCJIhIX (pH<3) cepOBO)lOPO)lHbIX.
B nOCJIe)lHeM cJIY'-Iae OHO RBJIReTCR BTopOCTeneHHbIM, co npOBO)K,l(aIOIUHM OCa:lK)leHHe Cepbl. ECJIH B npe)leJIax KHC JIOpO)lHoro 6apbepa B BO)lax nORBJI.SIeTCR CB060)lHbIH 02' HO 3Ha'IeHHe Eh He)lOCTaTO'-IHO )lJI.SI OCa:lK)leHHR MapraHua, TO Mn2+ npO)lOJI:lKaeT MHrpauHIO, a Fe3+ KOHueH1'pHpyeTC.SI.
B KHCJIbIX rneeBbIX BO)lax Fe H Mn MHrpHpyroT, KaK npaBHJIO, B BH,lle Fe(Mn)(HC03)2 H opraHOMHHepaJIbHbIX COe)lHHeHHH [32]. IIpH nona,UaHHH TaKHX BO)l B 06cTaHOBKy co CB06o)lHbIM KHCJIOPO)lOM npOHCXO)lHT COBMeCTHoe OCa)!( )leHHe MHHepaJIOB Fe H Mn: reMamTa Fe20 3, rH,llpOreMaTH Ta (Fe20 3 ' aq), remTa (HFe02), rH,llpOreTHTa (HFe02 ' aq), nvrpOJ1I031'l13. (M n0 2), BepHa)lHTa (Mn02 ' nH20) 11 T.)l. MHor)la Ha paCCMa1'pHBaCMbIX 6apbepax COBMeCTHO C MH HepaJIaMH Fe BC1'pe'IaeTCR aC60JIaH (n(CoNi)O· Mn02 x x nH20) Heme pcxe CTeHHepHT (HCo02). B rneeBbIX HeH- 1'paJIbHbIX H meJIO'IHbIX BO)lax Fe MaJIOnO)lBH)KCH, a Mn xopowo MHrpHpyeT. M3 TaKHX BO)l Ha KHCJIOPO)lHOM 6apb epe OCa:lK)laIOTCR B OCHOBHOM MHHepaJIhI Mn: n11pOJII03HT MnO , nCHJIOMeJIaH (mMnO' Mn0 ' nH 0), MaHraHI1T (Mn2 tMn4+02[OHh) H )lp. 2 2
KpoMe 1'pex nepe'IHCJIeHHhIX MeTaJIJIOB Ha KHCJlOPO)l HbIX 6aphepax MorYT KOHueH1'pHpoBaThcR cepa H CeJICH. 31'0 npOHCXO)lHT B Tex CJIyqaRx, Kor)la K KHCJIOPO)lHOMY 6apbepy nO)lXO)lHT nOTOK CepOBO)lOPO)lHbIX BO)l:
IIpHMepoB npHpo)lHoro 06pa30BaHI1SI paccMaTpHBaeMhIX 6apbepoB 'Ipe3BhI'IaHHO MHoro. B CBR3H C 3THM paCCMOT pHM HeCKOJIbKO H3 HHX, BbI6HPaSI Te H3MeHeHHR reOXHMH
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3.fIPH IIJIOII(a,UHOM (a He TOJIbKO IIO Pa3PbIBHbIM Ha pymeHHHM) IIO,UHHTHI1 meeBbIX BO,U C Fe2+ H Mn2+ B Kopax
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B MaJIOIIO,UBI1)l(1IOe COCTOHHl1e - Fe3+- 11 Mn4+. HaKaIIJIH
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