Алексеенко Геохимические барьеры
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60 Dzaoa 5. JIpupoaHble 6aPbepbl
CTaBJUIIOT 1130MOP¢Hble rrpl1MeCI1, CO,llep:lKaI.I.J;l1eCH B OCHOB HbIX MI1HepaJIaX pOCCbIIIeH (rrpl1MepOM MO:lKeT CJIY:JKIITb Hr,
113BJIeKaeMbIH 113 UHpKOHa). OIe.rr.yeT OTMeTHTh, 'ITO 60JIbIDM qaCTb Au ,l106bIBaeTCH Y Hac B CTpaHe 113 pOCCbIrrHbIX Mec TOpO:lK,lleHI1H.
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5.2. MexaHUlleClCue 6apbepbl |
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Puc. 11. CxeMa reqeHHH |
B 3apocnreM pycJle (no E.n. HHHHY [Ill H |
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B.C. I:)0POBKOBY [22]): 1 - |
reqeHHe ITOTOKa Hall paCTHreJlhHOCThlO, 2 |
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reqeHHe nOTOKa B paCTHTeJlhHOM CJloe, 3 - |
paCTHreJlbHOCTh, 4 |
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phI cKopocreH |
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HJIax (CJIOM 0-60 M). MMeHHO 3TO (Ta6JI. 4) H rr03BOJIl1JIO
I1CCJIen:OBaTeJIIO paCCMaTpl1BaTb MaTepl1aJI, CKOHueHTpl1pO
BaBIDI1MCH Ha 3TOM paCTHTeJIbHOM 6apbepe, KaK I1H,llHKaTOp
3arpfl3HeHHH peQHbIX CI1CTeM.
Ta6J1uu,a 4
Co.u.eplKllllue pYyTu, Mr/Kr, B UJlax U anHIjlHTOB3BeCH
Ha MeXaHU'IeCKOM 6apbepe (no E.n. HHBBY (71])
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Mecro OT60pa np06 |
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3nHWHTO |
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B3BeCh |
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YCThe pyqh.!I, .!lpeHHpYIOIUero npoMhInmeHHYIO |
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4,8 |
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P.l1Hcap B 1 KM HHlKC JarpH3HeHHoro PY%iI |
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P. I1Hcap B 50 KM HHlKe Jarp.!I3HeHHoro pyqhil |
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B 160 KM HHlKe Jarp.!I3HeHHoro pyqhH |
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4>oHoBhIH yqacroK (BhIIIIC Jarp.!I3HeHHoro Pyqhil) |
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62 FJla(Ja 5. IIpupoi}ltble {fapbepbl
HeKOTOpbIe HCCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJUI C'IHTaIOT, 'ITO 3a C'IeT rJIH HHCThIX KOJIJIOH,UOB, rrepeHOCHMbIX rrOCT05IHHbIMH H Bpe MeHHbIMH rrOTOKaMH, Ha 6apbepe I-3 q,0PMHPYIOTC5I MOm HbIe TOJIIll;H JIeCca. IJPH 3TOM rrpe,lJ,rrOJIaraeTC5I He TOJIbKO OTJIO:>KeHHe JIeCca B rrOHMax peK, HO H CPOpMHpOBaHHe
rrpe,lJ,ropHbIX JIeCCOBbIX MaCCHBOB.
KOHueHTpaUH5I :>KHBblX opraHH3MOB, rrepeHOCHMblX BO,lJ, HbIMH rrOTOKaMH, Ha rrpHpO,lJ,HbIX MeXaHH'IeCKHX 6apbepax
I-4 OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeBeJIHKa. [opa3,lJ,O 60JIbllle Ha MexaHH 'IeCKHX 6apbepax OTJIaraeTC5I OTMepIIIHX opraHH3MOB, TO'I Hee, HX CKeJIeTOB H paKOBHH. ,ll,OBOJIbHO 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOe pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe 3TO 5IBJIeHHe rrOJIyqHJIO B rrpouecce q,op
MHpOBaHH5I PMa MOPCKHX rrJI5I2KeH.
MeXaHH'IeCKHe GaPbePbI I-5 HaqanH Pa3BHBaTbC5I TOJIbKO B rrOCJIe,lJ,Hee BpeM5I, KOr,lJ,a 3Ha'IHTeJIbHa5I Macca TBep,lJ,bIX
TeXHOreHHblX COe,lJ,HHeHHH CTana rrOrra,lJ,aTb B BO,lJ,HbIe rrOTO KH. KOHueHTpaUH5I TaKHX COe,lJ,HHeHHH, He HMeIOmHX rrpH PO,lJ,HbIX aHanorOB, rrpOHCXO,lJ,HT KaK Ha TeXHOreHHbIX, TaK H Ha rrpHpO,lJ,HbIX MeXaHH'IeCKHX 6apbepax. IJOCKOJIbKY pa3MephI H Macca OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX 06JIOMKOB H H3,lJ,eJIHH KOJIe6 JIIOTC5I B O'IeHb 60JIblllHX rrpe,lJ,eJIax (OT 06JIOMKOB Pa3JIH'I HbIX MexaHM3MOB H aBTOM06HJIbHbIX rrOKpbIIueK ,lJ,0 rrp060K OT 6yrbDIOK H CHHTeTH'IeCKHX KYJIbKOB), OHH OCa2K,lJ,aIOTCH Ha Pa3JIH'IHblX rro 3fIa:QHMOCm 6apbepax rrpaKTM'IeCKH rro BCeti rrpOT5I:>KeHHOCTH 3arp5I3HeHHbIX rrOCT05IHHbIX H BpeMeHHbIX
rrOTOKOB, a TaK2Ke Ha rrJI5I:>Kax. K CO:>KaneHHIO, Macca BemeCTB, HaKarumBaIOIUHXC5I Ha MeXaHW:leCKHX 6apbepax I-5, B03pac
TaeT, M rrpo6.rreMa HX JIHKBH,lJ,auHH BCKope MO:>KeT CTaTh O,lJ,HOti H3 OCHOBHbIX rrpM pellleHHH MHomx 3KOJIOm'IeCKMX 3a,lJ,a'I.
Ha MeXaHH'IeCKHX 6apbepax )JJI5I semecTB, rrepeMelUaIO
Ill;HXC5I B BO:.mynIHbIX rroTOKax, OCIDK,lJ,aIOTC5I 06JIOMKH MHHe panOB (GapbeP K-I), paCTBOpeHHble fa30BbIe CMeCH H rrapbI (6apbep K-2), TBep,lJ,bIe KOJIJIOH,lJ,Hble 'IaCmUbI (K-4), TeXHO reHHbIe coe,lJ,HHeHHH (6apbep K-5). KaK rrpaBHJIO, 3TH 6apbe phI OTHOC5ITC5I K rrpHpo,lJ,HbIM.
Oca:>K.n:eHMe OMOMKOB MHHepanOB (rreCKa), rrepeHOCHMbIX B B03,lJ,ynIHbIX rrOTOKax, qacro rrpoHCXO,lJ,HT Ha Me30Gapbepax.
O,lJ,HMM H3 rrpMMepOB TaKOro, HO rrepeMemaIOmerOC5I 6apbepa 5IBJI5IIOTC5I ,lJ,IOHbI. CKOPOCTb MX rrepe,lJ,BM2KeHM5I
5.2. MeXaltUifeCKUe {fapbepbl |
63 |
B pa3HbIX paHoHax 06bI'IHO KOJIeMeTCH OT 18 ,lJ,0 35 M B ro,lJ,
[38]. 06JIOMKH MHHepanOB rrepeHOCHTC5I H B arpOJIaH,lJ, lllaq,Tax BO BpeM5I CHJIbHbIX rrbDIbHblX 6ypb. B 3TOM CJIyqae (rrpH ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHOM YMeHbIIIeHHH CHJIbI BeTpa) Ha'IanOM q,0pMHPYIOmerOC5I MeXaHH'IeCKoro 6apbepa Moryr CTaHO BHTbC5I ,lJ,epeBb5I, KYCTbI H ,lJ,a2Ke TeJIerpacpHble CTOJI6bI.
,ll,JI5I rrepeHOCHMbIX B B03,lJ,yIIIHbIX rrOTOKax rrapOB BO,lJ,bI
6apbepaMH 06bI'IHO CJIy:JKaT ropHble CHCTeMbl. KJIac
CH'IeCKHM rrpHMepOM 5IBJl5IeTC5I paHoH ropO,lJ,a PHO-,lJ,e-)J(a HeHpo (Spa3HJIH5I), 3a2KaTbIH Me)K,Ll,Y roPaMl1 H ATJIaHTH'IeC KHM OKeaHOM. BbIIla,lJ,eFlHe Ha 6apbepe H3 06JIaKOB OCa,lJ,KOB B BfJ,Ue ,lJ,0JK,!J,5I rrpHBO,lJ,HT K 3KOJIOm'IeCKHM 6e,lJ,cTBI15IM. Ka TacTpocpH'IeCKHe HaBO,lJ,HeHH5I B 3TOM paHoHe, CB5I3aHl-lble C rrpO,lJ,OJI:>KHTeJIbHbIMI1 JIHBH5IMH, rrpOHCXO,lJ,5IT 1l0BOJIbHO qac TO. IJoCJIe,lJ,HHe H3 HHX 6bDIH B 1966 H 1988 rr. IJO,lJ,06HbIX 6apbepoB Ha 3eMHOM lllape ,lJ,OBOJIbHO MHoro, O,lJ,HaKO H3-3a BbICOKOH rrJIOTHOCTH HaCeJIeHH5I (B patioHe rrpmKHBaeT OKOJIO 10 MJIH 'IeJIOBeK) oc060 BbJ,UeJI5IeTC5I HMeHHO 3TOT yqacTOK. Bo BpeM5I rrOCJIe,lJ,Hero JIHBH5I (1988) 3,lJ,eCb rrom6 JIO OKOJIO 300 qeJIOBeK, a 06IUHH 3KOHOMH'IeCKHH YIll;ep6 oueHeH B 935 MJIH ,lJ,OJIJIapOB CiliA
iliHPOKO pacrrpOCTpaHeHbI B rrpHpO,lJ,e MeXaHH'IeCKHe 6apbepbI, Ha KOTOPblX OTJIaraIOTC5I KOJIJIOH,lJ,Hble 'IaCTHUbl, rrepeMeIll;aIOIll;HeC5I B B03,lJ,YIIIHbIX rrOTOKaX (6apbep K-3).
3Ha'IHTeJIbHOe BHHMaHMe 3TOMY rrpoueccy Y,lJ,eJIeHO B pa 60Tax B.B. ,ll,06POBOJIbCKOrO [36] H AIJ. JIHcHUbIHa 145}.
):(OBOJIbHO 'IaCTO Ha TaKOM 6apbepe OTJIaraIOTC5I H MeJI KHe 06JIOMKHMHHepanoB (coBMeIll;aIOTC5I MeXaHH'IeCKHe 6apbephI K-l H K-3), HO OCHOBHYIO 'IaCTh 06bI'IHO COCTaB JI5IIOT KOJIJIOH,lJ,bI (rrbDIb).
o rpOMa,lJ,HOM 3Ha'IeFlHH 3TOro 5IBJIeHH5I M02KHO CY,lJ,HTb y:JKe rro TOMY, 'ITO rrOCJIe rrbDIbHblX 6ypb B 1969 r. Ha ,ll,OHY H Ky6aHI1 BblCOTa BanOB rrbDIH, OTJIO:>KHBIIIeHC5I Ha Mexa HH'IeCKHX 6apbepax B KpaCHO,lJ,apCKOM Kpae, Ml-lor,lJ,a ,lJ,OXO ,lJ,HJIa ,lJ,O 5 M. TaK KaK Ha'IanOM <PoPMHpoBaHH5I paCCMaT pHBaeMbIX 6apbepoB 'IaCTO 5IBJI5IIOTC5I ,lJ,epeBb5I H KYCTbI, TO TpY,lJ,HO rrpeYBeJIH'IHTb rrOJIO:>KHTeJIbHYIO pOJIb (oc06eHHO rrpH pa3BHTHH 3eMJIe,lJ,eJIH5I Ha 60JIbIIIHX rrJIOma,lJ,5IX) JIeCO rrOJIOc.
64 |
IiW6a 5. flpUpOaHble 6apbepbl |
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KOHl.I,eHTpaUlUI Ha MeXaHf[qeCKMX 6apbepaX K-4 OTHO |
CHTeJIbHO KpynHbIX OpraHH3MOB rrpoHCxO,UHT COBMeCTHO C
MeJIKHMH 06JIOMKaMH MHHepaJIOB (6apbep a crrophI H
rrblJIhua paCTeHHH (TaK :lKe, KaK H 6aKTepHH) qaCTO rrpe KpamaIOT MHrpalUUO BMeCTe C HeOpraHH"IeCKlfMH KOJIJIO H,UHhIMH "IaCTHuaMH. ITo Macce KOJIHqeCTBO BemeCTB, OCmK.IJ:aIOmHXCfI Ha 6apbepax K-4, qpe3BbI"IaHHO MaJIO. O,U HaKO HX POJIb B PaJBHTHH 6HOCt:PePhl 3Ha"IHTeJIhHa.
OCa:ll(.LJ:eHHe Ha MeXaHH"IeCKMX 6apnepax K-5 TeXHoreH HbIX coe,UHHeHHH, MHrpHPYIOIUHX B B03,UyrnHbIX rrOTOKax, Bce B03paCTaeT. KaK rrpaBHJIO, :nOT rrpouecc rrpHBO,UHT K YXY,UllIeHHIO COCTOflHHfI cpe,UbI, OKp)')KaIOllIeH "IeJIOBeKa.
5.3. DHoreoXHMuqecKHe 6apbepbI
Ha 6HoreOXHMH"IeCKMX 6apbepax rrpOHCXO,UHT pe3Koe YMeHbweHHe HHTeHCHBHOCTH Ml1rpaUHH XHMH"IeCKI1X 3JIe MeHTOB rro,U B03,UeHcTBHeM opraHH3MOB. mo MO:lKeT 6hITh OTHOCHTeJIbHO KpaTKOBpeMeHHoe HaKOrrJIeHHe XHMH"IeCKMX 3JIeMeHTOB paCTHTeJIbHbIMH H :lKHBOTHhlMH OpraH113MaMI1. ITPH 3TOM rrOCJIe HX OTMHpaHI1f1 (a :lKH3Hb OT,UeJIhHbIX opraHH3MOB MO:lKeT rrpo,UOJI:lKaThCfI OT qaCOB ,UO CTOJIeTHH) CKOHUeHTpHpOBaBWl1eCfI 3JIeMeHThl rrpaKTHqeCKlf cpa3Y BOBJIeKaIOTCH B rrpouecc MHrpaUHH H B rrepByro Oqepe,Ub B 6HOJIOm"IeCKMH KpyrOBOpOT.
B03MO:lKHhl 'H 3aXOpOHeHI1H OTMepllIHX opraHH3MOB, Tor,Ua HaKorrHBllIHeCfI B HHX 3JIeMeHThl MOryT 6hITb CBH3aH HblMH COTHH MHJIJlHOHOB JIeT. B TaKMX CJIytIaSIX OHH Haxo
.LJ:f[TCfI B 3aJIe:lKax yrJIfI, TOPt:Pe, OpraHH"IeCKOM BelUeCTBe, pacceflHHOM B OCa.uO"IHbIX rropo,Uax.
flPH H3yqeHI1H 6HOreOXHMI1"IeCKI1X 6apnepoB OCHOBHoe BHHMaHl1e y,UeJlHeTCH 06lUHM 3aKOHOMepHOCTHM rrpOI.I,eCCa HaKOI1JIeHHfI XHMH"IeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB opraHH3MaMH. EHO Macca paCTeHHH rrpl1MepHO B 1000 pa3 60JIbWe 300MaCChl. CooTBeTCTBeHHo 60JIbWaH Macca BelUeCTB KOHueHTpHpyeTcH Ha 6HoreOXHMH"IeCKOM 6apbepe, rrpe,UCTaBJIeHHOM paCTeHH HMH. O,UHaKo rrpouecc HaKorrJleHHH XHMH"IeCKI1X 3JIeMeHTOB :lKHBOTHbIMH OpraHI13MaMH, a OC06eHHO ero rrOCJIe,UCTBHH, "IaCTO HMeIOT 00060 BIDKHoe ·3Ha"IeHHe MH JIIo,UeH. K CO:lKa JIeHHIO, OC06eHHOCTH TaKl1X 6HOreOXI1MH"IeCKMX 6apbepoB , K HaCTOHlUeMY BpeMeHH H3yqeHhl B ropa3,UO MeHhweH Mepe.
5.3. Euo2eoxuMu~ecKue 6apbepbt |
65 |
BrrepBhle rrp06JIeMa MaccoBOro H3Y"Iemrn: oocrasa :lKHBbIX opraHH3MOB, a CJIe,UOBaTeJIbHO, H rrpouecca HaKOI1JIeHHfI HMH XHMHqeCKMX ,:meMeHTOB 6hIJIa rrO,UHflTa RH. BepHa.uCKMM. B rr. OH rrHCaJI: «KaKoB COCTaB :lKHBOro Beme CTBa? 3HaeM JIH MbI ero H MO:lKeM JIH roBOPHTb 0 HeM TaK :lKe, KaK 0 COCTaBe, HarrpHMep, MHHepaJIOB HJIH ropHbIX 'rropo,U?» ITOJIO:lKHTeJIbHoro OTBeTa Ha 3TH BOrrpOCbI ,UO CHX rrop He ,UaHO, a 3Ha"IHMOCTb rrp06JIeMbI Ja rrOCJIe,UHHe ,Ue CflTHJIeTHfI pe3KO yaeJIHqHJIaCb. Ee3 H3yqeHHfI KOHueHTpa UHH 3arpfl3HflIOlUHX BelUeCTB B opraHH3Max rrpaKTI1"IeCKH HeB03MO:lKHO OuetIHBaTb H rrOCJIe,UCTBI1f1 aHTporroreHHOH J.I,eflTeJIbHOCTH.
OCHOBHble t:PaKTOPbI KOHueHTpaUl111 XHMl1qeCKI1X 3JIe MeHTOB Ha 6HOreOXl1MHqeCKMX 6apbepax YCJIOBHO MO:lKHO 06be,UHHHTb B CJIe,UyrolUHeTpI1 60JIbllII1e rpynrrbI:
1)BHyrpeHHl1e, 6HOXHMH"IeCKMe, orrpe,UeJIfleMble 6110XHMH "IeCKMMH oc06eHHocTflMH KOHKPeTHoro Bl1,Ua opraHH3MOB;
2)BHeWHHe, JIaH,UllIa$THo-reOXI1MI1"IeCKMe, orrpe,UeJIfle Mble YCJIOBIffIMI1 Cpe,UbI 06HTaHHfl (rrpOl13pacraHI1f1) opraHH3 MOB;
3)BHYTPeHHHe, KPI1CTaJIJIOXHMI1"IeCKMe, orrpe,UemleMhIe CBOHCTBaMH HOHOB, BXO,UfllUHX B COCTaB paCTeHI1H 11 :lKHBOT
HbIX.
DHOXHMHQeCKHe ~aKTOPbl. BJIHflHl1e 3THX t:PaKTOPOB Ha KOHueHTpaUHIO XI1MHqeCKHX :meMeHTOB B opraHH3Max K HaCTOfllUeMY BpeMeHH H3yqeHo Hal160JIee rrOJIHO. OTMeTI1M Ba:lKHeHllme H3 HHX.
1.,ll;JIfI orrpe,UeJIeHHbIX BI1,UOB paCTeHI1H 11 :lKHBOTHbIX xapaKTepHbI cooTBeTcTBYIOlUHe, KOHKpeTHO ,UJIfI Ka)J{)1:0ro Bl1,Ua, KOHueHTpaUl111 XHMH"IeCKMX 3JIeMeHTOB. B CBoe Bpe Mfl ,Ua:lKe rrpe,UrrOJIaraJIaCh B03MO:lKHOCTb KJIaCCI1t:PHKaUHH opraHH3MOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX XI1MI1"IeCKoro COCTaBa. Cpe,UHHe co,Uep:lKaHHfI O,UHOro H Toro :lKe 3JIeMeHTa B pa3 HbIX Bl1,UaX paCTeHHH, rrpOH3paCTaIOlUI1X B O,UI1HaKOBbIX yc
JIOBHflX, MOryT pa3JII1"IaTbCfI B pa3. ma OC06eHHOCTb Y
paCTeHI1H ooxpaHfleTCfI, a "IaCTO ,Ua:lKe YCHJII1BaeTCfI B yCJIO
BHfIX KaTaCTpOt:PH"IeCKoro Jarpfl3HeHI1f1 rrO"IB - 06b1"IHOe I1X
co,Uep:lKaHHe rrpeBbIllIaeTCfI B ,UeCSITKM 11 COTHI1 PaJ. TaK, Ha aHOMaJIbHOM yqaCTKe B patioHe r. KaMeHcKa - IIIaxTHH
3 feOXMMMl.{CCKHe 6aphePhl
66 |
FJw6a 5. Hpupoi}Hbie 6apbepbl |
CKOro, r,ne pe3Ko rrOBbIllieHa KOHueHTpauml Zn B IIOqBaX 11
rro,n3eMHblx BO,nax, co,nepxaHl1e 3TOro MeT3JIJIa COCTaBJUIeT B 30JIe JII1CTheB BH3a 6,8' 10-3%, .ny6a 17,3' 10-3%, a TOIIOJISI
73' 10-3%.
KOHueHTpaUHH 3JIeMeHTOB B Pa3JIl1qHbIX BH.[(ax )KllBOT HbIX, oco6eHHO C yqeToM CKeJIeTHbIX 06pa30BaHI1H, OTJII1 qaeTCH eIue 6oJIbllle, I1Hor,na Ha HeCKOJIbKO rropMKOB. TaK, CKeJIeT pMa <pOPaMI1HI1Q:>ep COCTOHT rrpaKT}1qecKH 113 Cac03, 60JIblllHHCTBa PM110JIHP11H - 113 8i02, a PM110JIHP11H OT pMa Acantharia 113 8r804. B opraH113Me KOpHeHO:lKeK KceHO<p110<popa co,nepxaTCSI rpaHeJIJIbI Ba804. 'IHCJIO no ,n06HbIX rrpl1MepOB MO:lKI-IO rrpl1Bo,nI1Tb ,nOBOJIbHO ,nOJIro.
Oco60 CJIe,nyeT OTMeTHTb H3JIl1ql1e opraH113MOB KOHueH TpaTOpOB 11 ,neKOHueHTpaTOpOB orrpe,neJIeHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB (06blqHO TH:lKeJIbIX MeT3JIJIOB). B KOHueHTpaTOpax ,naHHbIH 3JIeMeHT Bcer,na (He3aBI1CI1MO OT co,nepxaHI1H B III1TaTeJIb HOH cpe,ne I1JII1 IIpO,nyKTax rrHTaHI1H) HaxO,nI1TCH B pe3KO IIOBbIllleHHbIX KOHueHTpaUHHX, a B ,neKOHueHTpaTopax
B IIOHI1:lKeHHbJX. Heo6xo,nI1MO OTMeTI1Tb, qTO 113-3a 3TOH OC06eHHOCTH OPraH113MOB KOHueHTpaTopOB 11 ,neKOHueHTpa TOPOB I1X HeJIb3H I1CIIOJIb30BaTb .[(JIH IIPOBe,neHI1H IIOI1CKOB MeCTopo)KJleHI1H rrOJIe3HbJX I1CKOIIaeMbIX 6110reOXHM}1qeCKH MI1 MeTO,naMI1. TaKHe opraH113MbI rrpl1 6110reOXI1MHQeCKHX IIOI1CKax ,nOJI:lKHhIBbUIBJUITbCH eme B pe3YJIbTaTe rrpoBe,neHHH OIIbITHbIX I1CCJIe,nOBaHI1H [10].
2. KOHueHTpaUI1H 6oJIbIII11HCTBa 3JIeMeHTOB pa3JI}1qHa B pa3HbIX opraHax paCTI1TeJIbHbIX 11 )KllBOTAbIX OpraH113MOB (pI1C. 12). HHor.na B O,nHOM 11 TOM:lKe )KllBOTHOM opraHH3Me OHa MO:lKeT 113MeHSITbCH B ,neC5ITKH pa3. I1PI1 3TOM CJIe,nyeT OTMeTI1Tb, QTO orrpe,neneHHbIe KOMIIOHeHTbI OpraHI1QeCKHX TKaHeH MorYT BbI3BaTb 06pa30BaH11e B :lKI1BOM opraH113Me ,na:lKe MHHep3JIOB C OQeHb BbICOKOH KOHueHTpaUl1eH ueJIoro pMa 3JIeMeHTOB.
06pa30BaH11e B )KllBbIX opraH113Max HeOpraHI1QeCKHX KPI1CTaJIJIOB 06YCJIOBJIeHO, rro MHeHI1IO pMa yqeHbIX, He KOTOPbIMI1 Tl1rraMI1 MOJIeKyJI 11 xapaKTepOM I1X B3a11MHoro paCIIOJIO:lKeHI1H B TKaHSIX. KOHKpeTHbIH Tl1rr MOJIeKyJI MO :lKeT BbI3BaTb 06pa30BaHHe orrpe,neJIeHHOrO BHYTpeHHero I1JII1 BHelliHero MI1Hep3JIbHOrO CKeJIeTa. )lJIH ueJIJIIOJI03bI
5.3. ]}uoleOXUMU'IeCK;Ue 6apbepbi |
67 |
Lg CPb, %
l' 10-2
5 -10-3
1 2 3 4
Puc. 12. CO.nep)I{aHHe Pb H Cu B pa3JIH'IHbIX 'IaCTaX Cacblpa (Kaparny):
1 - JIHCTba, 2 - 'IepeHKH JIHCTbeB, 3 |
rmo.noHocamHH no6er, 4 |
ceMeHa |
|
H IIeKTHHOB XapaKTepHO 06pa30BaHl1e rro CTeHKaM KJleTKH B paCTeHI1HX K3JIbUI1Ta; 6eJIOK KOHXl1aJIl1H CBSI3aH B PaKOBI1 Hax MOJIJIIOCKOB C KaJIbUI1TOM 11 aparOHHTOM; 6eJIOK KOJIJIa reH CBSI3aH C OH arraTI1TOM B KOCTHX II03BOHOQHbIX. HeKOTopbIe 6eJIKH MOfYT BbI3bIBaTb 06pa30BaH11e Mep MI1 HepaJI113aU11H Kap6oHaTOB, KpeMHe3eMa H ,naxe MarneTl1Ta.
3. B O,nHOM H TOM :lKe opraHe )KllBOro opraH113Ma KOH ueHTpaUHH XI1MHQeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB BeCbMa cymecTBeHHO 113MemleTCH B 3aB11C11MOCTH OT <pa3bI ero (opraHa) Pa3BI1 TI1H 11 B03paCTa. TaKHe 113MeHeHI1SI Ha1160JIee ,neTaJIbHO 113yqeHbI ,nJIH paCTeHI1H B CBSI311 C rrpOBe,neHl1eM 6110reOXI1 MI1QeCKHX rrOI1CKOB MeCTOpo)KJleHHH. TaK, Harrpl1Mep, CO ,nep:lKaHl1e CBHHua B BaCI1JIbKe B 3aB11C11MOCT11 OT <pa3bI Pa3BHTI1SI 113MeHSIeTCSI B 3-4 pa3a (PI1C. 13). B CTapbIX 00
pe3ax co,nep:lKaHHe UI1HKa B JII1CTbSIX B 1,5 pa3a, B BeTBSIX B 2 pa3a, a B Kope B 1,5 pa3a BbIllle, QeM B MOJIO,nbIX [37].
AHaJIOrl1QHbIX ,naHHbIX 0 )KllBOTHbIX IIOKa MeHbIIIe, HO ,nocToBepHo YCTaHOBJIeHO, QTO, rro KpaHHeH Mepe, KOHueH TpaUI1H 3JIeMeHTOB B CKeJIeTHbIX o6pa30BaHHHx 113MeHSIeTCH B 3aB11CHMOCTH OT <pa3bI pa3B11THSI (Bo3paCTa) 3TI1X )KllBOT HbIX. I1PH 3TOM MOfYT H3MeH5ITbCSI He TOJIbKO KOHueHTpa UI1H, HO H <popMa HaXO)KJleHI1SI XI1MI1QeCKI1X 3JIeMeHTOB. MHorne 3JIeMeHTbI 113 paCTBopOB H CJIO:lKHbIX MeTaJIJIOOpra HHQeCKHX coe,nI1HeHHH rrepeXO,[(SIT B MI1HepaJIbHyIO <P0PMY (06bIQHO B CKeJIeTHble 06pa30BaHHH).
3"
68 |
TiIQOQ 5. llpupoo/tble 6apbepb/ |
N ·l(f2, %
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Puc. 13. COJ(epJ!GUUfe Pb B BaCHJIbKe B paSJIHqHble q,eHOJIOmqeCKHe
q,asbI paSBHTHlI (KapaTay): I - |
HaJ( PYJ(HOH 3OHOH; |
n |
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4. CO,llep:lKaHHe B KOHKpeTHbIX Bl1Jl:aX opraHH3MoB pH)J,a XHMHQeCKHX 3.lIeMeHTOB BO MHOroM JaBHCI1T OT 6HOJIOrH l.IeCKHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeti: CBH3H Me)K)J,y HHMH B opraHH3 Max [3]. IhMeHeHHe KOHuelITpaUHH B opraHH3Me O,llHOro 3JIeMeHTa BbI3bIBaeT H3MeHeHHe cO,llep:)!{3HHH )J.pyroro. [0 BOPH 06 3TOti: 3aKOHOMepHOCTH, CJIe.uyeT OTMeTHTb, qrO OHa 06'bHcHHeTcH H 6HOJIOrHl.JeCKoti: POJIbIO 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB B opraHH3Me, H oc06eHHocTHMH CTpoeHHH HOHOB norJIOmae MbIX 3JIeMeHTOB (nOCJIe,llHee OTHOCHTCH K TpeTbeti: rpynne <paKTOPOB). TaK, CBH3b Me)K)J,y CO,llep:lKaHHeM Pb H Mo B paCTeHHHX MoxeT Om,HCHHThCH 6110JIOrnl.JeCKHM 3HaQelmeM 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB. npH He60JIbllIHX (<!JOHOBbIX) nocrynJIe
5.3. EUOZeOXUMUlteCKUe 6apbepbl |
69 |
HH5IX Pb B pacTeHHe B HeM YBeJmqHBaeTC5I H CO,llepXaHHe Mo. HeCKOJIbKO ynpomeHHO 3TO MO)KHO Om,5ICHHTb TaK: MOJIH6)J,eH BXO,llHT B COCTaB MHoroqHCJIeHHOH rpynnbI <pep MeHTOB 3HepreTHqeCKoro 06MeHa KJIeTOK, a CBHHeu HHrn 6HpyeT 06pa30BaHHe <pepMeHToB.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MO)KHO Cql1TaTb, qTO nOJIO)KHTeJIbHa5I KOppeJIHUl1H cO,llep:lKamrH 3THX MeTaJIJIOB B paCTeHHH HB
JIHeTC5I CBH,lleTeJIbCTBOM HOPMaJIbHOH xH3Hecnoc06HOCTl1 opraHH3Ma, OTBeqaIOmero Ha TOKCH~bIH CBHHeu YCI1JIeH HbIM 06pa30BaHl1eM <!JepMeHToB. Ib6bIToqHoe nOCTYnJIeHHe CBHHua B paCTeHHe (y pa3JIHQHbIX Bl1,llOB noporOBble 3Ha QeHHH pa3Hble) HapyrnaeT paHee cyrnecTBoBaBllIHe 3aKOHO MepHble CBH3H, pa3BHTl1e OpraHl13Ma CTaHOBHTCH yrHeTeH HbIM H KOJIHQeCTBO MOJIH6,lleHa, He06xo,llHMOrO paCTeHl1lO, yMeHbllIaeTCH. TIPH TaKOM nOCTYnJIeHHH Pb HaQJ;lHaeT OT QeTJIHBO npOHBJIHTbCH oTpl1uaTeJIbHaH KOppeJIHUHH Me)K)J,y CO,llepxaHmIMH 3TOro MeTaJIJIa H Mo [63]. PaCCMaTpHBae MbIH npouecc npHBO)J,HT K nOHBJIeHIUO OTpHuaTeJIbHbIX 6HOreOXHMHQeCKHX aHOMaJIHH Mo B paCTeHHHX HaA nOJIl1 MeTaJIJIHQeCKHMH MeCTOpO)K)J,eHHHMH (Pl1c. 14) 11 HaA yqacT KaMH C I1HTeHCHBHbIM TeXHoreHHbIM 3arpH3HeHHeM nOQB CBHHUOM.
KaK eme O,llHy nO,ll06HYIO 6HOJIOrnQecKYIO CB5I3b MO:lK HO paccMaTpHBaTb COOTHOllIeHHe B paCTeHHHX (H3yqaJIHCb nOJIbIHb H TaBOJIra) Be H Hi, C O,llHOti: CTOPOHbI, H OKCl1Jl:OB K, Na H Si C ,llpyrOH. TIoBbIllIeHHe KOHueHTpaUHH Be H Bi
B n01-IBax, a 3aTeM B paCTeHHHX npHBeJIO K pe3KOMY YBeJIl1 QeHHIO nepeQHCJIeHHbIX OKCl1Jl:OB B 30JIe pacTeHHH, a COOT BeTCTBeHHO H K 06meMY nOBbIllIeHHIO 30JIbHOCm (pHC.
TIPH 3TOM CO,llep)K3HHe B nHTalOmeH cpe,lle K, N a, Si 11 <pOPMbI l1X HaXO)K)J,eHHH OCTalOTCH npe)KHHMH.
B ,llpyrHX CJIyqaHx CBH3b Me)K)J,y onpe,lleJIeHHbIMH 3JIe MeHTaMH B opraHH3Max BepOHTHee Bcero 06YCJIOBJIeHa XH MHQeCKHMH (reoXHMHQeCKHMH) CBoti:cTBaMH HOHOB 3THX 3J1eMeHTOB, l.JTO MO)KHO OTHeCTH H K TpeTbeH rpynne <paKTO pOB. lh MHoroQHCJIeHHbIX nO,llTBep)K)J,eHHti: 3TOro OCTaHO BHMCH Ha HeCKOJIbKHX.
MCCJIe,llOBaHH5I X. Kapep (1935) [74] nOKa3aJIH, QTO B H3yqaeMoti: 60JIbllIOH rpynne paCTeHHti:, HecMoTpH Ha 3Ha
70 |
DW60 5. lIpupoiJH.ble 6apbepbl |
F:?>J 1 |
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Puc. 14. «OrpHIl,aTenbH8l'I" 6HoreOXHMH'IeCK8l'I MonH6,1l.eHOBall aHOMMHlI |
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2 |
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4 |
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7-10 - |
MeCTa oroopa npo6 H |
cO,1l.ep:JKaHHlI, |
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(7 - |
MeHhllie 5 -10-4, 8 - 5 '10-4, 9 |
n' 10-3, 10 - |
n' 10-2); 11 |
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'IHTeJIbHble Pa3JIH'lH.sI B nOrJIOmeHHH HMH cepbI H CeJIeHa, OTHomeHHe rrOrJIOmeHHOH cepbI K CeJIeHY OCTaeTC.sI npaK rn'IeCKH HeH3MeHHbIM Y Bcex paCcMOTpeHHbIX BH}lOB. ECJIH )Ke MbI cpaBHHM OCHOBHble nOKa3aTeJIH, xapaKTepH3YIQ mHe HOHbI 3JIeMeHTOB, TO yBH,J:J:HM, 'ITO OHH O'IeHb 6JIH3KH (Ta6JI. 5).
5.3. huozeOXUMU'IeCKUe 60pbepbl |
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71 |
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60 |
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25 |
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50 |
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20 ~ |
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n _10-1% |
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1 |
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40 |
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3. B 1988 r. BA. ArreKceeHKo 6bIJI BBe,lJ,eH HOBhIH ypOBeHb B KJIaCCHcpHKaUHH reOXliM~eCKHX JIa:H.ll:IIIa<ProB, yqHThIBaIO
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5.3. DuozeOXUMUrteCKue 6apbepbl |
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0,093 |
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0,379 |
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0,184 |
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TaHra |
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500-1700 |
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