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Talk with Mr. Larkin General Director, Borodino Breweries

– What is the main challenge your company faces?

– Самая главная трудность – это получение кредита в банке. Условия очень тяжелые, так как банки, конечно, требуют гарантии, также нужны грамотные страховые компании, а они сегодня работают слабо, многие из них не принимаются банками.

– Why can’t you get a mortgage? Or a secured loan?

– Нет такого положения – заложил имущество, и мне дали кредит. Для этого я должен обратиться в страховую компанию, застраховать имущество, заплатить высокие проценты, потом с этой бумагой пойти в банк. Я не могу свою собственность предложить непосредственно банку. В итоге банк под залог имущества дает маленькие кредиты – до 1 млрд. руб., а если надо больше взять, то это уже громоздкая система.

– How do you try to solve personnel problems/ What are the biggest difficulties here?

– Из всех, оказавшихся в стенах завода, остается на постоянной работе только каждый третий. Люди, которые приходят на предприятие, не всегда соответствуют предъявленным требованиям, многие не привыкли работать на потоке. Когда работает технологическая линия, нельзя ни отойти никуда, ни с кем побеседовать, нельзя покурить. Многие также любят выпить, особенно с получки.

– Do you still have a production goal your workers have to meet? How do you motivate your workers?

– У нас есть норма, которая должна выполняться. За перевыполнение получается дополнительное денежное вознаграждение. Например, самое большое у нас получается перевыполнить норму на 10%. В этом случае работник получает 30% от своей заработной платы.

– Does the Brewery pay taxes regularly? Have you ever had tax arrears? (been in arrears with your taxes?)

– Ни копейки задолженности! С местной налоговой полицией мы успешно сотрудничаем. Например, на территории их санатория, расположенного поблизости, мы из принадлежащей им скважины делаем «Спасо-Бородинскую минеральную воду» и поставляем им же по льготным расценкам. Что-то вроде СП получилось.

Notes

грамотный – efficient, professional

залог – collateral

заложить, дать под залог – to pledge a collateral

громоздкий – clumsy

технологическая линия – production line

перевыполнить – to overfulfill quota

задолженность – arrears, back debts

скважина – well

Unit 15

Insurance

Section A. Your task: Read the text. Copy out words pertaining to the field Insurance to start forming your own glossary on the topic. Answer the questions below. Be prepared to produce a sight translation in class.

Give a summary translation of the text basing upon the questions.

History of Insurance

Life assurance has existed, in one form or another, for thousands of years. When Roman soldiers were paid, part of their earnings went into a fund on their behalf. If they were killed in battle then this money was given to their families. Or, if they were retired from the army, they were given this money to help them start a new career.

In the days when pirates used to attack ships at sea, many sea captains used to club together by putting money into a fund. Then when one of these captains was unlucky enough to get captured, money from the fund was used to pay his ransom and so allow him to be released as soon as possible.

Gradually, over the centuries, the basic principles of life assurance were growing.

One very important idea or principle that began to develop was that – if life assurance was to work well – a fund of money was needed. People who wanted to have assurance would have to join a club or society and pay money regularly into the society's fund each year.

In this way, the fund would gradually grow, and if one of the society's members did die there should be enough in the fund to be able to pay out the amount assured. The problem that remained was this: how much should each person put into the fund?

This important question was solved by a mathematics teacher who worked in London two hundred years ago. He was James Dodson. He realised that the amount each person should pay into the fund rested on the principle of probability. That is – how probable or likely was it that the person might die?

Using his mathematics, James Dodson calculated the probability of death for each individual who wanted life assurance. Today, we say that we are working out a person's life expectancy – how long the person can expect or hope to live.

Much will depend on the age of the person, how healthy he or she is, and how risky the job he or she does. James Dodson realised that the more likely a person was to die, the fewer years he or she would be expected to pay into the fund and, therefore, the more he or she should pay each year. With this information, James Dodson could calculate mathematically the fixed amount that the person should pay each year, in order to be assured that an agreed sum of money would be given to his or her family when he or she died. This fixed amount of money is known as a level premium – because it remains at the same level for as long as he or she keeps up the policy.

So, in 1762, the first scientifically calculated life assurance began – although, sadly, James Dodson himself died before his scheme started working properly.

Your task

Having read the above passage and studied the diagram below answer these questions in your own words.

  1. What are some of the practical problems the Romans must have encountered in running their life assurance scheme?

  2. How do you think the scheme run by the sea captains would have worked?

  3. What contribution did James Dodson make to the world of insurance?

  4. In what ways do you think people's occupations affect the premiums they pay?

  5. Explain how level premiums work.

  6. According to the graph, at what age is the death rate lowest?

  7. How would you explain the fact that the natural risk of death rises continuously throughout adult life?

  8. What does the perpendicular line tell us about ourselves?

The level premium (policy starts at age 30)

Section B. Fill in the blanks

Your task: Fill in the blanks in this passage, using words from the list given below.

premiums*

bear

injuries

actuaries*

expectation

burdens

expect

younger

remove

pilferage

principle

exceed

The whole business of insurance is based on the ......................... of pooling risks. Insurance risks are those which are calculable. For example, the insurance company's ......................... (or statisticians) know that the average.........................of life for a male in the United Kingdom is 75. So, if a man aged 65 wants to take out life cover-assuming he is normally healthy – he can expect to survive for another ten years, and at that time the insurance company will.........................to pay out on the policy. They will set their.........................accordingly. The.........................the man, the less he is likely to die in a given period, and the lower the premiums charged.

The main service offered by insurance to businesses is to.........................many of the.........................they would otherwise have to carry. However, the businessman still has to.........................the risk that the goods or services he is offering will not find a ready market, that the costs he incurs will.........................the revenue he obtains from his sales (so that he makes a loss), and that his customers fail to pay him the money they owe. These are the so-called uninsurable risks. Goods in transit, claims from third parties for ......................... they have suffered, loss of property through fire, loss of stocks through ......................... and theft, all these items can be covered through insurance policies.

Section С. Case Study