- •Isbn 978-985-523-035-0 Михасенко г. В., Белошапка т. С., Василевич н. А., 2009
- •Предисловие
- •The public international law
- •What are the characteristics of international law?
- •Function of international law
- •Развитие международного права
- •Subjects of international law
- •1. The State as an International Person
- •3. International Organizations
- •4. Individuals
- •Status of international organizations
- •Sources of international law
- •International conventions and treaties whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;(1)
- •International custom as evidence of a general practice, accepted as law;(2)
- •Источники международного права
- •Unit II the un, its main organs and activities
- •Unit III the international court of justice
- •Introduction
- •Unit IV formation and enlargement of the european community
- •Unit V the european union and its principal institutions
- •Unit VI the international humanitarian law
- •Unit VII human rights
- •Unit VIII the international bill of human rights
- •Civil and political rights
- •Unit IX contemporary terrorism and measures to combat it
- •Task 3. Answer the following questions using the information of the text
- •Unit X the international criminal police organization (interpol), its structure, governance, core functions and main activities
- •Specify Interpol’s governing bodies and circle the appropriate number
- •C ore functions
- •Unit XI the process of globalization and its aspects
- •Contents
- •Международное право и актуальные проблемы современности
Развитие международного права
Окончание второго тысячелетия современной эры в истории человечества совпадает с началом нового этапа развития международного права. Рассуждения о пользе международного права или сомнения в его необходимости сменяются всеобщим признанием этой правовой системы в качестве объективной реальности, которая существует и развивается независимо от субъективной воли людей.
Генеральная Ассамблея ООН приняла в 1989 году резолюцию 44/23 “Десятилетие международного права Организации Объединенных Наций”. В ней отмечается вклад ООН в содействие более широкому принятию и уважению принципов международного права и в поощрение “прогрессивного развития международного права и его кодификации”. Признается, что на данном этапе необходимо укреплять главенство права в международных отношениях, для чего требуется содействовать его преподаванию, изучению, распространению и более широкому признанию.
Международное право выполняет в международных отношениях координирующую функцию. С помощью его норм государства устанавливают общеприемлемые стандарты поведения в различных областях взаимоотношений.
Регулирующая функция международного права проявляется в принятии государствами твердо установленных правил, без которых невозможны их совместное существование и общение.
Международное право содержит нормы, которые побуждают государства следовать определенным правилам поведения, в чем проявляется его обеспечительная функция.
Наконец, в международном праве сложились механизмы, защищающие законные права и интересы государств и позволяющие говорить об охранительной функции международного права.
Особенность международного права состоит в том, что в международных отношениях не существует надгосударственных механизмов принуждения. В случае необходимости государства сами коллективно обеспечивают поддержание международного правопорядка.
Task 10. Speak on:
The development of international law.
The fundamental principles of international law.
The influence of international organizations on the development of international law.
The characteristics of international law.
Subjects of international law
Task 1. Read and translate the text
States have traditionally been recognized as the sole subjects of INTERNATIONAL LAW, but this position has been undermined to a certain extent by recognition of international organizations and individuals as subjects possessing limited capacity. This is the recurring theme of questions in this area of the law.
1. The State as an International Person
Legal criteria of Statehood
Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States 1933 provides: 'The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:
a) a permanent population;
b) a defined territory;
c) government; and
d) capacity to enter into relations with other States.'
The Montevideo Convention has traditionally been accepted as reflecting generally the requirements of statehood under customary international law.
Population
The requirement of 'permanent population' means a stable community. There is no minimum population requirement: Nauru, for example, has a population of fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. The fact that an element of the population is nomadic will not of itself affect the existence of a State.
Defined Territory
There is no limit to the size of a State's territory. The Vatican City comprises a mere 100 acres. There is no requirement that the frontiers of the State be fully defined and undisputed, either at the time it comes into being or subsequently. The State of Israel was admitted to the United Nations in 1949, though the final delimitation of its boundaries had not yet been settled. What matters is the effective establishment of a political community.
Government
In order for a territory to be considered as a State, it must have a government of its own and not be subject to the control of another State. However, once it has been established, the absence of governmental authority does not affect the existing State's right to be considered as a State.
Capacity to enter into relations with other states
This is the requirement of independence of States. In order to conduct relations with other States, a State must be legally independent from the authority of any other State.
2. Non-self-governing territories
These comprise territories, protectorates, trusteeship territories, principalities and various colonies which have restricted powers of control over their foreign relations.
Colonies
Under the traditional rules of international law colonies were not regarded as possessing international personality. The exercise of their international relations was under the effective control of the Colonial Power. It is now recognized that the emergence of the principle of self-determination overrides any plea of domestic jurisdiction and may give colonial territories a measure of international personality.
Protected territories
In the 19th century it was the practice of certain European States to create 'protectorates' over certain primitive areas of Africa and Asia by entering into treaties of protection with the local rulers. While the local ruler retained control of his territory's internal affairs, foreign relations were placed exclusively in the hands of protecting power. Once the protecting power was removed the protectorate would become a State in its own right.
Mandates
The Mandate System was established under the Covenant of the League of Nations to provide for the administration of: 'These colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by people not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world’.
Trusteeship System
When the UN replaced the League of Nations after World War II the system of mandates was replaced by a trusteeship system. The object of the system is to proceed peaceably to self-government under the guarantee of international supervision.
Liberation Movements
In practice Liberation Movements and other belligerent insurgent bodies within a State may enter into legal relations and conclude valid internationally recognized agreements with States and other insurgent bodies.
Federations
It is the federal State which has exclusive competence in foreign affairs while the constituent member States concern themselves solely with internal domestic affairs. Consequently, only the federal State is regarded as a State under international law.