Topic 1. Structure of Human Body

Topic 1. Structure of Human Body.

List of words borrowed from Latin and Greek

abdomen microscope

abdominal mineral

acid mitochondria

artery molar

auricle premolar

basis muscle

basic muscular

bronchus nasal

bronchi nerve

bronchial nervous

canine nucleus

capillary nuclei

cardiovascular orbit

cell ovary

chromosome pancreas

coxofemoral pelvis

cord pelvic

cuspid penis

bicuspid permanent

cytoplasm pharynx

deciduous prostate

endocrine protein

endoplasmic protoplasm

epithelial respiration

epithelium respiratory

esophagus reticulum

extremity reticular

fallopian spinal

female structure

gelatinous substance

gland testis (es)

glandular trachea

human ureter

immune urethra

immunity urine

incisor urinary

intestine uterus

larynx uvula

lymph vagina

lymphatic vein

male vessel

mamma vascular

mammary vocal

membrane

1. The main parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and the limbs or extremities.

The brain, the organ of thinking and the center of the nervous system, is inside the skull.

Two cavities of the trunk – the chest and the abdomen – contain many important organs. The heart and the lungs lie in the chest. The stomach, intestines or bowels, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys are located in the abdomen.

The lower extremities called legs are made up of the thigh, shin, and foot. They are connected with the trunk by the pelvic girdle. The foot consists of the heel, sole and toes. The upper extremities called arms are made up of the upper arm, forearm, and hand. They are connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle. We have five fingers on each hand.

The bony framework of the body is the skeleton. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints, cartilages, and ligaments. The joints of the arm are the shoulder joint, elbow, wrist, and knuckles. The joints of the leg are the coxofemoral joint, knee, ankle, and others.

We have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

The organ of sight is the eye. We see with our eyes. The eyeballs are inside the orbits. The eyelids protected by the eyelashes cover them. People who see better at a distance are longsighted. Those who cannot discern distant objects are shortsighted. Blind people cannot see at all.

The organ of hearing is the ear. We hear with our ears. The internal part of the ear is inside the skull. The external part of the ear, i.e. auricle, works as a receiving chamber. People who cannot hear are deaf.

The organ of smell is the nose. We smell with our nose. One of the smaller cavities of the skull is the nasal cavity. The internal part of the nose is inside the nasal cavity. The external part of the nose consists of two nostrils and the bridge, the bony part of the nose.

The organ of taste is the tongue. We taste food with our tongue. Besides, the tongue together with the lips, teeth, palates, uvula, and vocal cords participates in the production of sounds and speech.

The organ of touch is the skin. We can touch with our skin. With the help of our skin we can feel, how touches the rough rock or the soft wool.

Two sets of teeth develop during our lifetime. The first set is 20 milk or deciduous teeth, which are replaced by 32 permanent ones of the second set later. The kinds of teeth are incisors, cuspids or canines, bicuspids or premolars, and molars.

B. A cell is the fundamental unit of every living thing. Every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units. All cells are similar in that they contain a gelatinous substance composed of water, proteins, sugars, acids, fats, and various minerals. This substance is called protoplasm. With an electron microscope, you can see the main parts of a cell. These comprise the cell membrane, nucleus, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Cells are different, or specialized, throughout the body to carry out their individual functions. Thus, there are muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, fat cells, and others.

A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job. They distinguish epithelial tissues, muscle tissues, connective tissues, nerve tissues, and others. Different organs of the human body are structures composed of several kinds of tissue. For example, an organ like the stomach is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and glandular epithelial tissue.

Human body systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves. The respiratory system is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. The heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) form the basis of the cardiovascular system. The digestive system is composed of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The reproductive system including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and the testes, urethra, penis, and prostate gland in males is responsible for reproduction of human beings. The urinary or excretory system comprises kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Besides, there are the endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, skeletal and immune systems.

List of English Words

A. head to see (saw, seen)

Limb hearing

Brain to hear (heard)

Skull smell

Cavity to smell

Chest taste

to contain to taste

heart touch

lung to touch

to lie (lay, lain) eye

to lay (laid) eyeball

stomach eyelid

bowels eyelash

liver to protect

gallbladder to be protected

bladder to cover

spleen to be covered

kidney distance

leg distant

to make up to discern

to be made up longsighted

thigh shortsighted

shin blind

foot (feet) ear

to connect internal

to be connected external

connective to receive

girdle chamber

to consist of deaf

heel nostril

sole bridge

toe tongue

arm lip

upper arm tooth (teeth)

forearm palate

hand to participate

shoulder to produce

finger to reproduce

bone production

bony reproduction

framework productive

joint reproductive

cartilage sound

ligament speech

elbow skin

wrist rough

knuckle soft

knee hard

ankle set

sense to develop

sight to place

to replace

B. unit to perform

tissue windpipe

similar to form

different to be formed by

to compose to digest

to be composed of digestive

to vary mouth

various throat

to comprise to respond

to carry out response

to carry on responsible

to distinguish to excrete

several to refer to

1. What is the fundamental unit of every living thing?

The fundamental unit of every living thing is a cell. Every tissue, every organ is made up of the cells. Each cell consists of cell membrane, nucleus, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

2. What kinds of tissues are there in the human body?

There are bony tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue and others in the human body.

3. What main systems of the human body do you know?

I know muscular system, skeletal system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, and reproductive system. Besides, there are endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems.

4. Where does the brain (heart, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bladder) lie and what body system does it belong to?

The brain lies in the skull and it belongs to the central nervous system.

The heart lies in the chest and it belongs to the cardiovascular system.

The stomach (liver, gallbladder, pancreas) lies in the abdomen and it belongs to the digestive system.

The bladder lies in the abdomen and it belongs to the urinary system.

5. Where do the lungs (intestines, kidneys) lie and what body system do they belong to?

The lungs lie in the chest and they belong to the respiratory system.

The intestines lie in the abdomen and they belong to the digestive system.

The kidneys lie in the abdomen and they belong to the urinary system.

6. What joints connecting the bones do you know?

I know shoulder joint, elbow, wrist, knuckles, coxofemoral joint, knee, ankle and others.

7. What are the five senses of a human being?

A human being has five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

8. What are the organs of speech?

The organs of speech are tongue, uvula, vocal cords, lips, teeth, palates and cheeks.

9. What are the parts of the upper (lower) limb?

The parts of the upper limb are upper arm, forearm, and hand.

The parts of the lower limb are thigh, shin, and foot.

10. What can you tell us about the teeth?

There are two sets of the teeth: deciduous and permanent. A normal man has 32 permanent teeth: eight incisors, four cuspids, eight bicuspids, and twelve molars.

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