31. Secondary sentence parts.
he secondary parts are: the object – a substance modifier of the predicate; the attribute – a quality modifier of substantive parts, either the subject or the object; the adverbial modifier – a quality modifier of the predicate; the apposition – a substance modifier of the subject; the parenthesis (parenthetical enclosure) - a detached speaker-bound modifier either of one of the nominative parts of the sentence or of the sentence in general; the address (addressing enclosure) – a modifier of the destination of the whole sentence; the interjection (interjectional enclosure) – an emotional modifier.
Do not form predication, they are used to complete&expand principle sentence-parts> they are called “compliments”.
Ac. Пешковский doesn’t use the notions of obj.,attr.,adv.modifier, but he classifies them into
which are governed
which are not governed.
Object. Tr-ly it is a secondary sent part, denotes a thing by the process or property, ex-d mainly in the predicate. An object is a noun phrase or a clause with nominal function( subdivided into simple, complex (when the object is expressed by an infinitival participial or gerundial complex),direct (a noun that completes the meaning of a transitive verb), indirect(denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed)
Бурлакова speaks about O1, Obj2, Obj 3:
object 1- always non-prepositionalirrespective of its position in the sentence ( they sent a doctor away. They sent away a doctor)
2- eiter prepositional or non-prep. Depends on its position ( they sent a doctor some money. They sent some money to the doctor)
3- Is always prepositional ( they sent for the doctor. For the doctor they sent)
Symmetrical verbs- whose subj-s and obj-s may exchange their positions without producing any change in the meaning of the sent(.ex. to meet, to marry) there are some verbs not requiring any ob. In the sent. As the ob. Is mentioned in the verb! –go blackberry( ходить за ягодами)
Problems of the complex obj. – some scholars do not recognize an obj!
Adv. Modifier. Trad-ly is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a predicate-verb, a verbal in any of its function or a part of the sentence expressed by an adjective or adverb.
Semantically can be classified:
adv. Modifier of time and frequency
adv.modifier of place and direction
adv. Modifier of purpose
adv. Modifier of manner
adv. Modifier of attending circumstances
adv. Modifier of comparison
adv. Modifier of cause
of result
of condition
of concession
of degree and measure
Sometimes no clear -cut border-line between a prepositional obj. & adv.modifier( he was looking at the door)
иванова > it is a prepositional Obj, if the use of the prep is governed by the verb. If the use of the prep is optional, Then it’s an adv. Modifier
ильиш suggests the term “neutralization “calls them secondary sentence parts without further subdivision.
Attribute. Trad-ly they serve to modify nouns & noun-equivalents. Structurally are indicated by their position in the sentence. They can be either in pre-position or post-position to the words they modify. Semantically may express various shades of relations with their head nouns. They may be qualitative ( fine days, A ninepenny stamp) circumstantial (a man in love, The key to the door)
Problems:
Whether the attr. Is the same synt.level as other secondary sent-members or whether an attr. Is of lower rank, than an obj& the adv.mod
Problems of sentence-members:
Whether the sec.sent.members are optional . this approach is based on theory of valiancy (валентности). According to this theory –optional and obligatory valiancy are distinguished.
The obligatory one is as must, necessarily been realized to complete the sentence structurally. In this connection sec.sent.parts are obligatory, if they form the obligatory valiancy of the pred.
The optional one is such as it isn’t necessarily realized in grammatically complete constructions.( She wrote me a letter- a direct obj. is marked by the obligatory valiancy –of a lower level than apredicate)