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open form - a musical design with no fixed beginning or end. First employed by Charles Ives, and Henry Cowell, but developed as indeterminacy by Cage and Earle Brown. In Boulez's Third Piano Sonata, for example, the 5 movements may be played in any order except the third which must stay central.

musique concrete - see note to p. 6

Kontakte (Germ.) - Contacts, composition by Stockhausen for pi­ano, percussion and electronic sounds on 4-track tape (1959-60)

Gruppen (Germ.) - Groups, composition for 3 orchestras by Stock­hausen (1955-57), each placed in a different part of the hall and each playing different music

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onomatopoeic words - звукоподражательные слова

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Minstrel songs, Minstrels - in modern usage, the term is loosely applied to all sorts of musical entertainers, ancient and modern, es­pecially for comedians appearing in the guise of Negroes. The Negro minstrel shows became a popular national institution in the US in the 1830s.

country and western music - a mass-disseminated product of the present century in America, derived from traditional oral music brought by non-literate immigrants from the British Isles. Singing styles retain the nazal, "high-country" sound of older music; instru­mentation consists of one or two fiddles, a banjo, guitars, and usu­ally a bass; texts are often concerned with such harsh realities as death, alcoholism, desertion, crime, etc.; and both melody and ac­companiment reflect a solid harmonic foundation. In the 1960s and

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1970s songs by Jim Reeves, Don Williams, and Slim Whitman at­tracted many listeners in Europe and then in other parts of the world.

Pro Musica Antiqua - name under which the New York Pro Musica ensemble was founded by Noah Greenberg in 1952

Hair - a popular American musical composed by Galt MacDermot (1968)

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Juilliard - The Juilliard School, American musical college established in New York in 1924

a complete upending of the pop music scene - совершенный переворот в популярной музыке

rock was dismissed as an aberration and an abomination - рок отвергли как заблуждение и нечто отвратительное

rockabilly - a form of American popular music that combined the plucked string sounds of country and western music with song-forms and lyrics of rock'n'roll. The genre flourished from about 1954 to 1960 in the southern US and for somewhat longer in England. Its essential representatives include Jene Vincent, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and the young Elvis Presley.

rhythm-and-blues (also rhythm'n'blues, R'n'B) - Black American popular music from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. Rhythm-and-blues continued to be a general term for many styles of black popular music throughout the 1960s, but the classic rhythm-and-blues style was supplanted in popularity in the late 1950s by rock-and-roll (essentially a blend of rhythm-and-blues and country, which was pio­neered by Elvis Presley and became part of white youth culture), and slightly later by soul music (which resulted from the application of gospel singing styles to rhythm-and-blues, as developed by Ray Charles and Sam Cooke, and quickly became the most popular style among black teenagers).

Bob Dylan (Zimmerman, Robert, b. 1941) - folk and rock singer and songwriter. He was the most influential figure in the urban folk music revival of the 1960s and 1970s.

folk rock - a combination of folk music with the amplified in­strumentation of rock usually including drums and electric stringed instruments

proceeded to inundate American teenagers - (зд.) захлестнуло также и американских подростков

soul - a type of black American popular music that appeared in the mid-1960s. Popular vocalists are Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, and

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James Brown. They brought to secular singing the impassioned im­provisatory vocal devices of black gospel music (sudden shouts, falsetto cries, moans, etc.) and a collection of church-derived, id­iomatic formulas. See also rhythm'n'blues above.

raga - a traditional form in Hindu music, consisting of a theme that expresses some aspect of religious feeling and sets forth a tonal system on which variations are improvised within a prescribed framework of typical progressions, melodic formulas, and rhythmic patterns.

psychedelic rock (also acid rock) - a style of rock, played chiefly by bands in the San Francisco area in the 1960s. It is char­acterized by extended, blues-inspired improvisations and surrealistic lyrics, and sometimes uses exotic (especially Indian) instruments; the music is intended to evoke or accompany a drug-induced state. The performances took place in large "rock palaces" and were accompa­nied by lavish light shows.

mixed media - see note to p. 7

op art - optical art which is based on the idea that the painter or sculptor can create optical effects that persuade the spectator to see visual illusions

pop art - a form of ' art that depicts objects of everyday life and adapts techniques of commercial art, such as comic strips

ob art - object art («искусство объекта»)

"house hippie" - (here) hippie (see note to p. 40) on the staff of the firm