- •Music in the Modern World western music of the twentieth century (general survey)
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Discussion Points
- •Additional Assignments
- •Some twentieth-century composers arnold schoenberg (1874-1951)
- •The composer speaks: arnold schoenberg
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Discussion Points
- •Bela bartok (1881-1945)
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Questions about Bartok
- •Discussion Points
- •Paul hindemith: his life and work (1895-1963)
- •The composer speaks: paul hindemith
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Discussion Points
- •Electronic music
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Questions about Stravinsky
- •Additional Assignments
- •Britten's operas
- •The composer speaks: benjamin broten
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Questions about Britten
- •Additional Assignments
- •Menotti. The opera composer
- •The composer speaks: gian carlo menotti
- •Discussion Activities Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •Additional Assignments
- •Michael tippett: a child of our time
- •30 Questions on the Text
- •Experimental (avant-garde) music
- •Olivier messiaen
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Discussion Points
- •Additional Assignments
- •George ligeti (b. 1923)
- •Karlheinz stockhausen
- •35 Discussion Activities Questions on the Text about Ligeti
- •About Stockhausen and Experimental Composers
- •Questions about Western Music of the 20th Century
- •Points for Discussion and Written Compositions
- •Popular music rock
- •Points about rock
- •Discussion Activities Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •Additional Assignments
- •Elvis presley - story of a superstar
- •Discussion Activities Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •The beatles
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •English and American Musical History english music (general survey)
- •1. Opera.
- •2. Performing groups.
- •3. Festivals.
- •4. Education.
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •The golden age in england
- •The english virginal school
- •Virginal music composers. William Byrd (1542-1623)
- •Byrd in his time and ours
- •English madrigalists
- •"The british orpheus"
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •56 American music (general survey)
- •61 Charles ives, the first truly american composer (1874-1954)
- •Charles ives and american folk music
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •The relation of jazz to american music
- •Louis armstrong
- •The swing era (duke ellington)
- •Spirituals
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •The Art of Musical Interpretation the problem of interpretation
- •Discussion Activities Questions on the Text
- •Questions for Discussion
- •Additional Assignments
- •Conducting
- •The art of conducting
- •Questions on the Text
- •Some musical encounters
- •Questions on the Text
- •86 Leonard bernstein
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •Herbert von karajan
- •Interview with herbert von karajan
- •The art of piano playing: glenn gould
- •Interview with glenn gould
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •The art of violin playing: eugene ysaye
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •The world of opera handel in performance
- •Franco zeffirelli: the romantic realist
- •La divina: maria callas
- •Callas remembered
- •Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •Peter pears: ronald crichton speaks
- •Discussion Activities Comprehension Questions and Points for Discussion
- •Notes Page 5
- •Page 21
- •Page 31
- •Page 32
- •Page 34
- •Page 35
- •Page 37
- •Page 39
- •Page 46
- •Page 47
- •Page 48
- •Page 49
- •Page 52
- •Page 53
- •Page 54
- •Page 57
- •Page 58
- •Page 59
- •Page 60
- •Page 61
- •Page 62
- •Page 63
- •Page 65
- •Page 66
- •Page 111
- •Page 112
- •Sources
- •Contents
Page 61
Piston, Walter (1894-1976) - American composer of instrumental music and teacher. Professor of music at Harvard 1944-1960. Author of three important textbooks: Harmony (1941), Counterpoint (1947), Orchestration (1955).
Riegger, Wallingford (1885-1961) - American composer and conductor, influenced by the Schoenberg 12-tone method
Sessions, Roger (1896-1985) - principal exponent of the internationalist approach to composition in the generation that became prominent in the 1920s. Leading American composition teacher between 1935 and 1980.
Babbitt, Milton (b. 1916) - see note to p. 6
Rochberg, George (b. 1918) - see note to p. 7
Cowell, Henry (1897-1965) - American composer, pianist, teacher, and scholar. Friend, companion, and biographer of Charles Ives. Among his pupils were Gershwin and Cage.
Page 62
cleave to - remain attached or faithful to
Emerson, Ralph (1803-1882) - American essayist, philosopher, and poet. For him and his fellow transcendentalists music, which occupied a central place in their philosophy, was the pure and abstract language of feeling.
Thoreau, Henry (1817-1862) - American writer. Charles Ives included an impressionistic picture of Emerson and Thoreau in bis Second Piano Sonata.
Page 63
polyrhythm - a simultaneous use of conflicting rhythms and accents, often as a result of combining different meters
132
Cowell, Henry - see note to p. 61
Page 65
"gospel" singing - see note to p. 41
Morton, Jelly Roll (1885-1941) - composer, pianist, bandmaster and singer of early jazz. He was an early composer of the blues and one of the first jazz recording stars.
Johnson, James Price (1891-1955) - jazz pianist and composer
Bolden, Charles ("Buddy") (1877-1931) - famous cornettist generally regarded as the patriarch of jazz. He was as celebrated for his "sweet" music as for his "driving, ragging music". He became "King Bolden", the cornettist to be emulated by Joseph Oliver, Louis Armstrong, and others who came after him.
Oliver, Joseph ("King") (1885-1938) - cornettist. He invited Louis Armstrong to play a second cornet in his own band, the Oliver Creole Jazz Band.
Handy, William (1873-1958) - blues performer and composer. He was the first to write a first blues composition and first to popularize it. He created unprecedented vogue for blues when he published the Memphis Blues in 1912. Two years later he published the world-famous St Louis Blues, a composition that has carried the blues all over the world.
Page 66
swing - a term applied to the style that originated about 1935, particularly in the music of the Benny Goodman orchestra. It seems to refer to 1) the increase in number and variety of instruments; 2) a subtle rubato; 3) crispness of attack, especially in the rhythm section.
Goodman, Benny (1909-1986) - American clarnettist and jazz musician; formed his own band in 1934
be-bop (also bop) - a term coined about 1945 to describe jazz characterized by improvised solo performances in a dissonant idiom with complex rhythmic patterns and continuous, highly florid melodic lines. It became popular after World War II under the leadership of trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis and alto saxophonist Charlie ("Bird") Parker.
Parker, Charles ("Bird") (1920-1955) - leading jazz musician. Parker's saxophone style is derived from the blues.
"cool" jazz - a subdued adaptation of be-bop. Players suppressed highly emotional elements in favor of medium volume, gentle tone colors, legato phrasing, dense harmonies, moderate tempos, and mid-
133
dle registers of instruments. It emerged in the Miles Davis nonet's Birth of the Cool recordings of 1949-50.
Page 69
alter ego (Lat.) - one's other self; very intimate friend
CBS - Columbia Broadcasting System
Page 76
sine qua non (Lat.) - see note to p. 16
Page 77
carte blanche (Fr.) - complete freedom to act as one thinks best
Page 81
consummate - perfect, accomplished
Page 83
Strasfogel, Ignace - Polish-born conductor. Commenced his US career in 1933 when, , after serving as assistant conductor of the Berlin State Opera, he became official pianist and later assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic.
Page 84
tantrum - a sudden uncontrolled attack of anger
Page 85
bread-and-butter adj - (here) prosaic, commonplace
acoustical innovations. Stokowsky constantly sought improved tonal quality through unconventional orchestral seating arrangements, and his research into acoustics and electronics - in the USA, Germany, and Netherlands - has been used to improve techniques of recording arid radio transmission.
recalcitrant - resisting authority or discipline, disobedient; recalcitrance - quality of being recalcitrant
run-through - rehearsal or practice («прогон»)
Bing, Rudolf (b. 1902) - Austrian-born impresario, manager of Glyndebourne Opera (1936-39 and 1946-49). First artistic director of the Edinburgh Festival (1947-49). General manager of the Metropolitan Opera, New York (1950-72). Had a great influence on both toe company and American opera in the 1950s and 1960s particularly because of his autocratic attitudes, hence the Bing regime.
Reiner, Fritz (1888-1963) - Hungarian-born conductor, famed interpreter of Richard Strauss, Wagner, Bartok
134
Page 86
tempo glusto (It.)-in exact time, or at speed the style of the music demands
Page 87
Tanglewood - estate near Lenox, Massachusetts, site of an international festival of music and the Tanglewood Music Center (since 1985)
Page 88
catholicity - freedom from narrowness, liberality
Page 90
peerless - superior to all others; without equal
Page 91
Concertgebouw - literally "concert hall" in Dutch. The word is most commonly known as the name of Holland's oldest and foremost orchestra. The permanent home of the orchestra is the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam.
Page 92
Les contes d'Hoffmann (Fr.) - The Tales of Hoffmann, Opéra fantastique in three acts with prologue and epilogue by J. Offenbach (libretto by J. Barbier and M. Carré, based on stories by E.TA. Hoffmann), produced in Paris, 1881. Offenbach died during toe rehearsals and E. Guiraud orchestrated the piece for its Opéra-Comique première.
Page 93
the Honegger Liturgique - the Third Symphony by Honegger
Price, Leontyne (b. 1927) - American soprano, one of the finest Verdi sopranos of her day
De Sabata, Victor (1892-1967) - Italian conductor and composer. Conductor at La Scala 1929-1953. Frequent guest conductor of concerts and opera throughout toe world.
Page 94
gauze - a very thin, light cloth
Un ballo in maschera (It) - «Бал-маскарад», опера Дж. Верди
Page 98
Tureck, Rosalyn (b. 1914) - American pianist and conductor who specialized in playing Bach on toe modern pianoforte. Formed toe
135
Tureck Bach Players in London (1959). Professor at the Juilliard School from 1972. Author of several books.
Page 102
ENO - English National Opera
Page 103
"aria" opera = opera séria (It), the chief operatic genre in the 17th and 18th c., formal and complex, with elaborate display arias. The last and greatest examples of the form were Mozart's Idomeneo (1781) and La clemenza di Tito (1791).
da-capo aria - aria in which the first part is repeated (da capo (It) - from the beginning)
appoggiatura (It.) - a grace note or species of ornament of which the exact interpretation has differed in various periods
Page 104
it needed to be altered, bearbeitet - ее необходимо изменить, обработать
Page 110
acciaccatura (It) - lit crushing, a decorative technique. In old key-board music, a grace in which the principal note is sustained while adjacent notes are struck for an instant or held as a sustained dissonance
abbellimenü (It) - embellishments («украшения»)
dynamic and agogic accents - accent of movement and accent of force which form the normal and regular rhythmic accentuation of a piece of music
rubato (It) - (lit robbed time), a feature of performance in which strict time is for a while disregarded
silence - pause