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over them. The rocks would then be removed leaving the gold dust and nuggets which would be removed and stored. Goldsmiths would melt the gold in a furnace and pout it into ingots which were stamped with the mark or name of the company. Most of these bars were transported to Rome where they were added to the treasury or used in the manufacture of coins.

Task 7. Read the summary. Does it summarize all or part of the passage? Complete the summary. Write no more than three words from the passage for each answer. Write the words in the space provided.

Romans used the 1).............	for digging deep shafts into the mountains. At
first it was possible to extract gold by the 2).............		from	the surface. More
effective methods were required when the seam became 3).............			. As the rock was
tough, Romans applied a 4).............	method for breaking it up and then cold water
pouring down the 5)..............	In the result of the sudden temperature 6).............			the

rock cracked. The work of miners was extremely risky as the shafts were deep and absolutely 7)............. with a great danger of their collapsing as well as 8)..............

Task 8. Read the article again and compose your summary to it using the words and phrases from Unit 1.

UNIT 3. Alternative Sources of Energy

I. ENERGY QUIZ

Task 1. Pay your attention to the pronunciation of the following abbreviation:

CO2 carbon dioxide kWh kilowatt per hour AC air conditioning

Task 2. Do you know what it takes to save a tonne of CO2?

The following quiz will test your knowledge of CO2 saving techniques and highlight the ways you can reduce your carbon footprint, one tonne at a time.

1.An average petrol car driven 10000 miles a year uses over 1500 litres of petrol. How much energy does this equate to?

A) 140 kWh/year B) 1,400 kWh/year C) 14,000 kWh/year

2.How many long distance flights would you need to forego to save 1 tonne of CO2?

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A)1

B)5

C)10

3.How much more energy does a high efficiency car (e.g. supermini or small hybrid) use in one year compared with a low efficiency car (e.g. sports car)?

A) 145 kWh/year B) 1,450 kWh/year C) 14,500 kWh/year

4.How many US drivers reducing their AC use by half would it take to save 1 tonne of CO2 in a year?

A) 6 B) 60 C) 600

5.If you took the train instead of a short-haul flight, how many return trips would it take to save 1 tonne of CO2?

A) 1 B) 10 C) 100

6.Unplug your chargers: if 65 people unplugged their mobile phone chargers while they were not in use, how long would it take to save 1,000 kWh of energy? (Based on standby power use for a Nokia charger).

A) half a year B) a year

C) 5 years

7.Replacing your conventional gas boiler with a condensing gas boiler will save energy. How long will it take to save 1,000 kWh?

A) 2 years B) 5 years C) 10 years

8.Drying your washing outside saves energy by not using a tumble dryer. How many dryer cycles produce 1 tonne of CO2?

A) 85 B) 850 C) 8,500

9.If eight UK households turned down their heating thermostats by 1 degree, how long would it take to save 10,000 kWh of energy?

A) 1 year B) 2 years C) 5 years

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10. How many workers would have to turn their computers off at night to save 1 tonne of CO2 over the course of a year?

A)35

B)350

C)3,500

II. TIDAL ENERGY

Task 3. Work in pairs. Look at the picture and try to answer the questions.

1.What is it?

2.Where is it?

A)Turkey; B) Northern Ireland; C) North America; D) Australia.

3. What do you think how much power it produces? Enough for…

A)a town; B) a city; C) a region; D) a country. 4. What do you know about this type of

energy production? Does Russia use it?

5. What topics do you think the reading passage will contain?

A)The advantages of tidal power.

B)How a tidal power plant works.

C)Different types of tidal power plants.

D)Other (what?)

Task 4. Now read the passage and check your answers to question 5.

Tidal power is the only form of energy which derives directly from the relative motions of the Earth—Moon system, and to a lesser extent from the Earth—Sun system. The tidal forces produced by the Moon and Sun, in combination with Earth’s rotation, are responsible for the generation of the tides.

Tidal energy is generated by the relative motion of the water which interacts via gravitational forces. Periodic changes of water levels, and associated tidal currents, are due to the gravitational attraction by the Sun and Moon. The magnitude of the tide at a location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth rotation, and the local shape of the sea floor and coastlines.

Because the Earth’s tides are caused by the tidal forces due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun, and the Earth’s rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.

A tidal energy generator uses this phenomenon to generate energy. The stronger the tide, either in water level height or tidal current velocities, the greater the potential for tidal energy generation.

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Tidal movement causes a continual loss of mechanical energy in the Earth— Moon system due to pumping of water through the natural restrictions around coastlines, and due to viscous dissipation at the seabed and in turbulence. This loss of energy has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow in the 4.5 billion years since formation. During the last 620 million years the period of rotation has increased from 21.9 hours to the 24 hours we see now; in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While tidal power may take additional energy from the system, increasing the rate of slowdown, the effect would be noticeable over millions of years only, thus being negligible.

Tidal power can be classified into three main types:

1)Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to windmills that use moving air. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower cost and lower ecological impact compared to barrages.

2)Barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary, and suffer from very high civil infrastructure costs, a worldwide shortage of viable sites, and environmental issues.

3)Tidal lagoons, are similar to barrages, but can be constructed as self contained structures, not fully across an estuary, and are claimed to incur much lower cost and impact overall. Furthermore they can be configured to generate continuously which is not the case with barrages.

Modern advances in turbine technology may eventually see large amounts of power generated from the ocean, especially tidal currents using the tidal stream designs but also from the major thermal current systems such as the Gulf Stream, which is covered by the more general term marine current power. Tidal stream turbines may be arrayed in high-velocity areas where natural tidal current flows are concentrated such as the west and east coasts of Canada, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Bosporus, and numerous sites in Southeast Asia and Australia. Such flows occur almost anywhere where there are entrances to bays and rivers, or between land masses where water currents are concentrated.

In the picture: The world’s first commercial axial turbine tidal stream generator — SeaGen — in Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland). SeaGen was installed by Marine Current Turbines in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in April 2008. The turbine began to generate at full power of just over 1.2 MW in December 2008 and was reported to have fed 150 kW into the grid for the first time on 17 July 2008. It is currently the only commercial scale device to have been installed anywhere in the world. SeaGen is made up of two axial flow rotors, each of which drives a generator. The turbines are capable of generating electricity on both the ebb and flood tides because the rotor blades can pitch through 180˚.

Task 5. Read the passage again. Do the statements agree with the information given in the reading passage. Write:

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True if the statement is true according to the passage.

False if the statement is false according to the passage.

Not given if the statement is not given in the passage.

1.Tidal power is one of the forms of energy derived indirectly from the relative motions of the Earth—Moon system.

2.Regular alterations of water levels depend on the gravitational attraction by the Sun and Moon.

3.Tidal power is determined as renewable source of energy and it can never be out of stock.

4.The stronger the tide or tidal current velocities the less energy a tidal energy generator can produce.

5.The effect of the Earth rotation to slowdown is significant.

6.There are 3 categories of tidal.

7.It is possible to generate large amounts of tidal power anywhere.

Task 6. Find words in the text which mean....

1.A machine used to generate electricity.

2.An obstacle built across a river to store water for irrigation, prevent

flooding.

3.Moving in circles round a central point.

4.Force of attraction.

5.Speed of water movement.

Task 7. Look through the reading passage and summarize the working principle of generating tidal power.

III. SOLAR ENERGY

Task 8. Work in pairs. Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1.What do you know about this type of energy production?

2.Does you country use it?

3.How does it work?

Task 9. Look through the introduction. Complete the description with the words from the table.

as far	core	be	Sun	conversion
as		heated

were	solar	harness	be
considered			shaded

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Introduction
Solar power is used hand in hand with solar energy. It is the 1)				............. of
sunlight	into electricity or 2).............		energy. Solar energy is directly	from the
3).............	. The sun is 150 million kilometers away, and is over one million degrees
Celsius at the 4).............		; if we could 5)	............. the energy at its core we would have

enough energy to cover our needs 10,000 times over. We have always used energy from the sun dating back 6)............. 5,000 years ago. Whether it is to start fire or to dry clay to be used as building material. When early homes were built the

placement and design 7).............		carefully .............	so in the winter the home would
8).............	by the sun and in the summer it would 9).............			from the sun.

Task 10. Read the given words and word combinations and memorize

them.

grid tie system — электроэнергетическая система передачи

negatively charged free neutrons — отрицательно заряженные свободные нейтроны

photovoltaic panels/cells — фотогальванические элементы photovoltaic tiles — фотогальванические теплозащитные плитки power satellites — спутниковые источники энергии

reasonable amount — достаточное количество

slice of silicon — полупроводниковая силиконовая пластина to be harnessed — использоваться/применяться

to be trapped by — быть пойманным/заманенным to beat down — обрушиваться

to knock off — удалять wire — проводка

Task 11. Read the passage about getting solar energy and emphasize the main idea of using this technology.

In 1954 solar energy was truly harnessed when scientists in the United States produced electricity from the sun used to power satellites in space, this new technology was photoelectric also known as photovoltaic panels or cells, which capture the suns energy and turn it into electricity. Photovoltaic tiles work by converting energy from the sunlight into clean electricity that can be used in our home. The photovoltaic cells consist of a positive and a negative

slice of silicon placed under a thin piece of glass. As the protons of the sun’s rays beat down on the photovoltaic cells they knock the neutrons off the silicon. Now

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the negatively charged free neutrons are attracted to the silicon but are trapped by the magnetic field that is formed from the opposing fields. Small wires on the silicon catch these neutrons and when the wires are connected to a circuit an electric current is formed. This reaction gives direct current electricity also known as D/C; it must be passed through an inverter to be converted into an alternating current A/C which is used in our homes. During this conversion some power is lost, which is approximately 5%.

To use solar power in your home is simple; there are numerous ways to do so. Solar energy can be used to heat your hot water, your pool or your central heating system. With a reasonable amount of sun you can use a grid tie system to collect solar power; these are typically placed on top of your home. A grid tie system can power your entire house as well as possibly selling some power back to the electric company. Solar power can also be used in the garden, with lights, house number plates or fountains. As the need increases for renewable energy the more items you will find to be solar powered.

Task 12. Do you know any other examples of renewable sources of energy? Imaging you are a participant of a scientific research conference and the theme of your report is the use of renewable sources of energy. Prepare your report according to the following plan:

Introduction

Para 1: Set the subject and the actuality of the problem. Main body

Para 2: Describe facts and concepts leading up to this problem.

Para 3: Present detailed description of the main subject and its spheres of using (supply it with your examples).

Conclusion

Para 4: End the project (point advantages and disadvantages, give your comments and your opinion, consequences).

IV. QUIZ ANSWERS

1. C) 14,000 (based on medium sized petrol engine car).

An average petrol car consumes over 14,000 kWh per year; enough energy to heat an average house for a whole year!

2. A) 1 (based on average aviation emissions for return trip 5,000 km each

way).

You’d need to cut out 1 long distance round trip flight to save 1 tonne of CO2. 3. C) 14,500 kWh/yr (based on driving 10,000 miles).

A low efficiency car will use over three times the energy of a high+ efficiency car, equating to over 14,500 kWh per year.

4. A) 6 (based on study on fuel used by AC units by NREL).

Just 6 US car drivers cutting their AC use by half could save 1 tonne of CO2.

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5. B) 10 (based on 500 km journey e.g. London — Edinburgh).

It would take 10 return trips on the train, instead of 1 short haul flight, to save 1 tonne of CO2.

6. B) a year (based on average charger data from Nokia).

If 65 people unplugged their mobile phone chargers when not in use for a year, it would save 1,000 kWh.

7. A) 2 years.

If you replace your conventional gas boiler with a condensing gas boiler, you’ll save 1,000 kWh over 2 years.

8. A) 850.

It takes 850 dryer cycles to produce a tonne of CO2. 9. A) a year.

If eight UK households turned down their thermostats by just 1 degree, they would save a 10,000 kWh of energy in a year.

10. A) 35 (assumes computers left on standby outside working hours).

If 35 office workers turned off their computers at night, it would save 1 tonne of CO2 over the course of a year.

UNIT 4. Pipelines

Task 1. Look at the picture. What does it show? What is the most common way of transporting oil and gas?

Task 2. Read the words and word combinations and memorize them.

coating — обшивка

gauges pigs — диагностическое и очистительное устройство

in sequence — один за другим, подряд mercaptan odorant — меркаптановая отдушка

mixing of adjacent products — смешение смежных/близких продуктов odorless — без запаха

regardless of this — независимо от этого to be buried — быть закопанным

to be kept in motion — поддерживать движение to launch — запускать в производство

to occur — происходить, случаться

wax buildup — образование парафинистых отложений wrought iron pipeline — сварной трубопровод

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Task 3. Read the passage in 2–3 minutes and answer the question.

The writer’s purpose is to

A.present a problem and a solution

B.present an argument

C.describe a process

D.describe a cause and effect

1.There are some arguments as to when the first oil pipeline was

constructed. However, some say pipeline transport was pioneered by Vladimir Shukhov and the Branobel company in the late 19th century. Others say oil pipelines originated when the Oil Transport Association first constructed a 51 mm wrought iron pipeline over a 9.7 km track from an oil field in Pennsylvania to a railroad station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. Regardless of this, pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil or natural gas over land. Compared to railroad, they have lower cost per unit and higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by tanker ships.

2.Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter typically from 10 to 120 cm. Most pipelines are buried at a typical depth of about 1–2 metres. The oil is kept in motion by pump stations along the pipeline, and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing interface. At the receiving facilities this interface is usually absorbed in one of the product based on pre-calculated absorption rates.

3.Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or paraffin, and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using pipeline inspection gauges pigs, also known as scrapers or Go-devils. Smart pigs are used to detect anomalies in the pipe such as dents and holes in the coating. These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station downstream, cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line.

4.For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of carbon steel and varying in size from 51 mm to over 1,500 mm in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations and is odorless unless mixed with a mercaptan odorant where required by a regulating authority.

1).............

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Task 4. The reading passage has 4 sections, 1–4. Choose the correct heading for sections 1–4 from the list of headings below. There is an extra heading in the list.

LIST OF HEADINGS:

A. Providing pipeline inspection and cleaning

В. The advantages of transporting oil and gas by pipelines

C.The main requirements for gas transportation

D.The main problems of oil and gas transportation Е. Some technical characteristics of oil pipelines

Task 5. Read the summary. Does it summarize all or a part of the passage? Complete the summary. Write no more than three words from the passage for each answer. Write the words in the space provided.

Some general information about pipeline construction 1).............						in the text.
At the beginning the historical argument denoting the time of the first 2).............							is
given. There is no doubt that pipeline is the cheapest and best way for							3).............
oil and natural gas			4).............	. The construction of pipelines for oil transportation
differs	from	5).............		in material and size. As	crude oil	contains	varying
6).............	, a pipeline can face the problem of 7).............				. To avoid such problems
pipeline inspection			8).............	are used to detect anomalities in the pipe such as
dents and holes		9).............	.

Task 6. Read the passage about heavy oil production in Indonesia and complete it with the verbs from the box paying attention to Passive or Active Voice.

begin discover recover operate lead project produce

Heavy oil in Indonesia is practically synonymous with Duri, a large shallow field that is the biggest steamfood operation in the world in terms of oil production and steam injected. Duri field in 1941. To put on production Duri field a pipeline was to be completed in 1954. First production, mostly from solution-gas and compaction drivers, peaked at 10,300 m3/d in the mid-1960 and 2)............. to result in an ultimate recovery at only 7% of OOIP. As cyclic steam stimulation

proved helpful in individual wells, it 3).............		to the start		of a pilot steamflood
project in 1975. After the pilot successfully 4).............			30%	OOIP, the first major
project 5).............	in 1985. Finally Duri	field 6).............	nearly 36,500 m3/d with

ultimate recovery factors expected to approach 70% in some areas. There are currently 4000 producers, 1600 injectors and 300 observation wells. Duri 7).............

by PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia under a production-sharing contract with the Government of Indonesia.