posobie-text

Part II. Grammar Practice	51

15.Rocks are identified by the minerals they contain and are grouped according to their origin into three major classes: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.

16.The amount of exploration done on any given project is usually determined by experience and budgetary concerns.

17.When ground water level measurements are collected for a specific aquifer and contoured in a map perspective, a ground water surface map can be generated.

18.The history of much of Latin America and Australia, too, has been shaped by minerals, while many Asian nations appear to hold the future of mining in their hands.

19.A geophysicist searches for alterations in the physical characteristics of the earth that may be caused by the presence of minerals.

20.Of the three methods, sieve analysis is preferred because of reliability of test and simplicity of equipment.

21.The electrochemical activity of minerals is characterized by means of their rest potential (the potential reached spontaneously by the mineral electrode in an aqueous solution).

22.Pegmatite veins are widely distributed in their occurrence, being almost universally found wherever plutonic igneous rocks are exposed.

23.Other methods in which copper oxides are first leached with sulfuric acid, precipitated with sponge or scrap iron — or calcium sulfide — and then floated, have been described in the literature.

24.If a mineral, when the proper force is applied, breaks so that it shows definite plane surfaces, it is said to possess a cleavage.

25.Long-radius holes can be drilled using either conventional drilling tools and methods, or the newer steerable systems.

26.In recent years, the search for placer diamond deposits has even been extended to the ocean floor, notably off the southwestern cost of Africa.

UNIT 4. The Infinitive

Task 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different functions of the infinitive (as subject, predicative, object, attribute, adverbial modifier, and as parenthesis).

As subject:

1.To explain this simple fact is not so very easy.

2.To understand this phenomenon is to understand the structure of atoms.

3.To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural

science.

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4.To compare the flow of electricity along a conductor with that of a liquid in a pipe has become familiar.

5.To address these problems efficiently, it is necessary to proceed to significant technological innovations in mining production and to protect the environment efficiently from mining by-products and wastes.

6.To move from one astronomical body to another means to overcome gravitational forces.

7.It is not easy to introduce dry processing.

8.To coordinate the efforts of many groups of engineers constitutes a very difficult task.

9.It is more difficult to name many volcanic rocks because the minerals are too small to identify.

10.It is commonly difficult to distinguish a pediment from a bajada because they form a continuous surface from the mountain front to the center of the valley.

11.It is important to remember that natural gas, being lighter than air, will naturally rise to the surface of a well.

As predicative:

1.New sources of cheap energy are to be found.

2.We are to study the main laws of physics.

3.In our experiment we were to compare the two gases.

4.The difficulty will be to obtain the substance in question.

5.This element is to be found free in nature.

6.One way of obtaining hydrogen is to pass electric current through water.

7.The first step in the smelting and refining process is to roast the concentrate.

8.The method in use is to smash up the simplest nuclei.

9.The objective of mining research is to supply the world wide market with raw mineral or energetic material.

10.The purpose in mind is to get a catalyst to speed up the reaction.

11.The problem has been to solidify the substance under investigation.

12.The challenge for industries is to find, extract and process mineral resources with the least possible environmental disruption.

13.Another form of prevention is to restrict mining activities.

14.The challenge is to plan the drilling so that the reservoir utilization can be maximized.

15.The primary purpose of surface casing is to protect fresh water deposits near the surface of the well from being contaminated by leaking hydrocarbons or salt water from deeper underground.

As attribute:

1.Many ores to be found in this district are of great value to the industry.

2.Surface casing is the next type of casing to be installed.

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3.Holes are drilled into the rock to be broken.

4.Blasting is the most cost effective way to fracture rock.

5.The primary crusher represents a substantial investment, and the user is justified in his desire to obtain from it all the reduction of which it is capable.

6.The solution to be filtered was poured into a vessel.

7.Failure to follow the procedures may increase the likelihood of damage.

8.Methods to improve the brightness and the shape of fine industrial minerals are in demand.

9.A reserve block to be mined, the “panel”, averages 1,000 feet wide and 10,000 or more feet long, and is prepared by continuous mining of coal to create access tunnels on all four sides.

10.That method makes use of the low solubility of the substance, a property about to be described.

11.We observed the evaporation of water, a phenomenon to be more fully described later.

12.The size of the production casing depends on a number of considerations, including the lifting equipment to be used, number of completions required, and the possibility of deepening the well at a later time.

13.The explanation will probably be considerably modified in the years to

come.

14.The procedure to be followed depends upon the substance being tested.

15.There was only one signal to be detected.

16.There are some other properties of water to be considered at this point.

17.There is a particular question to be discussed at length.

18.There is not very much experimental data on which to base a decision between these two possibilities.

19.When a crystal expands each molecule gets somewhat larger space in which to carry out thermal oscillation.

20.There are some other groups of compounds to be mentioned.

As adverbial modifier:

1.To prevent an uncontrolled blow out, a subsurface safety valve is often

installed.

2.To obtain required accuracy, the meters are calibrated.

3.“Waste” will be used very generally to include all kinds of rejected material from the mineral industry, during mining, quarrying, or processing.

4.By agglomeration fine mineral particles are brought together to form easier to handle products.

5.Because of its high specific gravity and resistance to weathering, these sedimentary gold particles are easily concentrated by streams and rivers to form placer gold deposits.

6.The exploration crew will often bring in a bulldozer to strip away overburden or they can also use explosives to blast a trench in the rock.

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7.Few people employed the amalgamation process in order to the recover the free gold present in the ore body.

8.Diamonds are cut, and their faces are ground and polished so as to reflect and refract light beams.

9.Crushing and grinding in a concentrator are practiced in the same manner as in a cyanide mill, and for the same purpose — i. e., to liberate the valuable minerals from the surrounding worthless rock.

10.Many geologists use the term dolostone for the rock name to distinguish it from the mineral dolomite.

11.Over millennia, tectonic forces may raise the pluton to form a mountain

range.

As parenthesis:

1.To sum up, there are two features of atomic structure which we must bear

in mind.

2.To begin with, one can say that an electric current is the result of a flow of electric charges.

3.To be sure, a great progress in chemistry has been made in the last few

decades.

4.Uranium, thorium and radium — to mention only a few of the series — all are radioactive.

5.To go back to the analogy of the solar system, the electrons revolve around the nucleus like planets around the sun.

6.Electricity and magnetism are the same thing seen from different points of view, or, to put it another way, they are both names for the way in which everything behaves when we examine sufficiently closely.

7.To resume, policies for sustainable resource management can restrict their activities to managing environmental aspects.

“For+Noun+Infinitive” Construction

Task 2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to ForConstruction.

1.For an observation to be of service two facts must be known.

2.In order for two molecules to react they must be in contact.

3.The time taken for equilibrium conditions to be set is small.

4.It is not usual for the phosphatic uranium minerals to be used as a commercial source for uranium.

5.Rusting represents the natural tendency for the iron to revert from the unstable condition.

6.How is it possible for the solid rock of the mantle to flow and convect?

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7.For an oil reservoir to form, porous rock needs to be covered by a non porous layer such as salt, shale, chalk or mud rock that can prevent the hydrocarbons from leaking out of the structure.

8.Even though it would take too long for us to watch a specific layer of sandstone form, we can infer that the processes occur slowly — step by step — over great periods of time.

9.The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes.

10.It must also be pointed out that the tendency for these cracks to form is markedly reduced by the presence of natural applied stress due to the restraint of the surrounding rock.

11.The disadvantage associated with the use of benchmarks is that they can only be installed in tunnels and room service where there is sufficient room for a man to gain access.

Complex Object

Task 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.

1.Pressure causes ice to melt.

2.Limitation on power causes the usefulness of the water boiler to be very

limited.

3.A single alpha-particle, in passing through the tube, is able to create sufficient ions to cause a discharge to occur.

4.Similarly, if the push-pull forces caused the plates to move, their motion would cause the mantle to flow.

5.Our results lead us to assign to the system an important role.

6.It is usually rather difficult to get nitrogen to combine with other

elements.

7.Attractive forces may make molecules collide.

8.The evidence is so far not restrictive and can be made to fit almost any

model.

9.Before discussing them, however, let us briefly consider the other properties of minerals described by this definition.

10.An alternative approach to flood control is to abandon some flood control projects and let the river spill out onto its flood plain in some places.

11.However, if you could watch a time-lapse video of the past few hundred million years — only a small chunk of geologic time — you would see continents travel halfway around the Earth.

12.Experiments have proved the pressure of a gas at fixed temperature to depend on its concentration.

13.One may safely expect this prediction to be quite reliable.

14.They found radon to be 3 times as heavy as hydrogen.

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Complex Subject

Task 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1.Petroleum hydrocarbons are considered by some to be the lifeblood of modern society.

2.Explain why these two types of rock are likely to occur in proximity.

3.In contrast, because basalt contains no quartz, soil formed from basalt is likely to be rich in clay and contain only small amounts of sand.

4.An active volcano is one that is erupting or is expected to erupt.

5.Deformation appeared to have no measurable effect of conductivity.

6.The new method is believed to have given good results.

7.The result was expected to agree with theoretical predictions.

8.Other gases were found to behave like air.

9.The ancients seem to have thought that air and water could be transformed into each other.

10.The gas is supposed to have been cooled and condensed to form discrete solid particles.

11.The precipitate was observed to dissolve slowly.

12.The blocks of rock between the downdropped grabens then appear to have moved upward relative to the grabens; they are called horsts.

13.Only a limited number of reactions are known to be influenced by light.

UNIT 5. The Subjunctive Mood

Task 1. Translate the following sentences.

1.It is necessary that the type of the reaction be determined.

2.It is necessary that atomic energy should be used for industrial purposes.

3.If rock mechanics is to grow into mature science, it is essential that systematic method of classifying materials be adopted.

4.If the history of the Earth were represented by the old English measure of a yard, the distance from the king’s nose to the end of his outstretched hand, all of human history could be erased by a single stroke of a file on his middle fingernail.

5.If you watched for some time, you would see that the sand accumulates slowly, layer by layer, on the beach.

6.If the conductor at that moment had been moved slowly, the galvanometer deflection would have been smaller.

7.However, if the pressure were to decrease, large volumes of the asthenosphere would melt.

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8.If the surface were perfectly level, water would form a layer 2 kilometers thick surrounding the entire planet.

9.If the Antarctic ice sheet melted, the meltwater would create a river the size of the Mississippi that would flow for 50,000 years.

10.Unless computer techniques had been developed, space research would have never made such great progress.

11.In such schemes, it is required that several detectors in the same area detect a fire condition or gas leakage for automatic reaction.

12.Within a decade, it is expected that up to a third of oil fuel production may come from unconventional sources.

13.In carrying out the small studies, it is essential that the laws of similitude be adequately understood and rigidly adhered to.

14.It is recommended that surveys, maps and drawings have a clear datum reference note.

15.However, the project specifications will sometimes require that semiprecise rods be used that are graduated on the front in centimeters and on the back in half foot intervals.

16.Some people suggest that we should minimize the total cost even though this approach accepts significant pollution.

17.However, many geologists suggest that hydrolysis may contribute to exfoliation.

18.The critical trajectories suggest that this fracture would propagate in such a way that “slabbing” of the site wall would occur.

19.These weak bonds result from an uneven distribution of electrons around individual molecules, so that one portion of a molecule may have a greater density of negative charge while another portion has a partial positive charge.

UNIT 6. Modal Verbs

Task 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs and their meanings.

1.If we measure current rates of geologic change, we must accept the idea that most rocks are much older than human history.

2.A synthetic diamond can be identical to a natural one, but it is not a true mineral because a mineral must form by natural processes.

3.That means that before the natural gas can be transported it must be

purified.

4.The fundamental differences between metal minerals and industrial minerals have to be highlighted.

5.Mineral recycling has to be widely promoted and strengthened in

Europe.

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6.In geodesy, as in other branches of science, one has to distinguish between the scientific questions asked and the tools used to answer these questions.

7.On the other hand it is always difficult to carry out electrical separation as the atmosphere has to be dry and controlled.

8.One of the primary objectives of many geologists is to find new ore

deposits.

9.The objectives are to minimise the impact of extractive industries on environment and health and to improve the management of mineral resources in order to secure the sustainable and uninterrupted supply of raw materials to society.

10.Since most properties testing is carried out on core specimens, the first requirement of a rock mechanics laboratory, in which the mechanical properties of rock are to be studied, is a suitable diamond drilling machine.

11.Therefore, the only feasible method for disposing of radioactive wastes is to store them in a place safe from geologic hazards and human intervention and to allow them to decay naturally.

12.If you find an index fossil or a key bed that has already been dated by other scientists, you know the age of the rock and you do not need to send the sample to a laboratory for radiometric dating.

13.For geographic conversions, the user will need to enter the latitude and longitude.

14.To qualify as a formation, a body of rock should be easily recognizable in the field and be thick and laterally extensive enough to show up well on a geologic map.

15.Mud weight should balance the downhole pressure to avoid leakage of gas and oil.

16.In order to minimise changes in the moisture content of the specimen, the tests should be carried out as soon as the specimens have been removed from the parent rock.

17.Exposed surfaces of rocks which are particularly liable to weathering should be protected, as far as possible, from exposure to the atmosphere.

18.In many cases significant savings of energy can be reached by well known measures like variable speed control of pumps.

19.Tectonic processes, such as mountain building or basin formation, can cause a coastline to rise or sink.

20.Ground water can seep into the crust where it is heated and forms a hydrothermal solution.

21.Gas is difficult to store locally, but occasionally underground mines, caverns or salt deposits can be used to store gas.

22.The most effective use of the structural characteristics of rock can be achieved if these physical properties are kept in mind and if necessary precautions are taken in designing a rock structure.

23.A series of equipotential surfaces can be used to represent the gravity field.

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24.“Resources” here are natural mineral resources which are non-renewable, but may be partly recyclable.

25.New exploration methods may also help to identify more deposits worth exploiting.

26.A fault may fracture the cap rock, or tectonic forces may uplift the reservoir and expose it to erosion.

27.A wellhead may also be an injection well, used to inject water or gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and levels to maximize production.

28.Some metals may be leached away by the weathering process, but others such as aluminum, iron and nickel can remain as oxides or silicates.

29.However, eco-efficiency could mean consuming only the richer parts of mineral deposits but might imply transferring of environmental responsibility to the future.

30.If you were to visit the great deserts of the Earth, you might be surprised by their geologic and topographic variety.

31.As the well is sunk into the ground, the weight of the drill string increases and might reach 500 metric tons or more for a 3000 meters deep well.

32.The explosion must have occurred long ago.

33.No living beings could have survived in such a climate.

34.Some problems of science could not have been solved without isotopes.

35.It is believed that these rocks could not have been more than 5000 years

old.

36.Life may have existed on that planet.

37.The sand might have been laid down as desert sand dunes or seafloor.

UNIT 7. Emphatic Constructions

Task 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different emphatic constructions.

1.The opportunities for larger surface mining equipment do have physical and practical limitations, including wheel size and tire construction.

2.These molecules are too small to be seen, even with the microscope, but strong experimental evidence seems to show that they do exist.

3.The formation of ozone during the electrolysis of water does not change the weight of the gas collected at the positive pole but it does decrease the volume.

4.Though some substances (e. g. sand) seem to be very nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some extent.

5.This type of compression does not require the use of any of the natural gas from the pipe; however it does require a reliable source of electricity nearby.

6.If pollutants do escape, removal of the contaminant and restoration of the contaminated area may be even more costly.

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7.Historical reviews show that, although earthquakes are infrequent in the Northeast, they do occur.

8.At a later date, you notice that not only has the entire pipe moved downslope, but the pipe has become curved.

9.Not only is it the simplest of these theories, but it has been found to give a remarkably accurate prediction of the observed behaviour of massive rocks structures.

10.Nor should it be left in a condition that could lead potential hazards to the public or damage to the environment.

11.Only then can the developer make plans for production.

12.Even though petroleum operations have been based on solid scientific excellence and engineering marvels, only recently has it been discovered that many of the practices are not environmentally sustainable.

13.Belonging to this class are all elastomeric substances.

14.Confirming this possibility is another fact.

15.Strange as it may seem, sulphur dioxide may act as a reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent.

16.Erroneous as these results may be, they are still valuable.

17.The case is not improbable.

18.River and lake deposits also not uncommonly contain remains of organisms which inhabited waters.

19.It seems not at all unlikely that many of the lower animal forms also have the power to make a similar distinction.

20.The advances of modern sciences in the production of a wide range of experimental temperatures are thus seen to be not inconsiderable.

21.It was primarily placer deposits that brought prospectors to California in the Gold Rush of 1849.

22.It was not until about 1911 that a first really successful theory of atomic structure was suggested by Rutherford.

23.It was not until Einstein discovered the connection between gravitation and inertia that the mystery Newton could not understand was solved.

UNIT 8. Introductory there, Substitute Words (that (of), those (of), this, these, do, one, ones), Comparative Constructions (as ... as, not so ... as, the ... the)

Task 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in

bold.

1.There is no personal protective equipment that has proved to be effective against hand and arm vibration syndrome.

2.There is also evidence for one major historic earthquake.

3.There are many measurements to be made.