posobie-text
.pdf
Part II. Reading and Rendering |
41 |
|
|
Task 7. Study the examples and explanation.
Sequence |
Purpose |
First…; as cyclic steam stimulation proved…; In order to/To put on production at the next stage…; the generator then uses Duri field a pipeline was to be … magnets…; following this…; finally….
We use sequencing words and phrases to show the order of events in a process. We use phrases of purpose to give reasons for the events in a process.
Task 8. Put the words and phrases from the table into groups: 1) sequence; 2) purpose.
after |
|
in |
|
|
|
to |
|
the last |
when |
begin |
|
|
|
order |
|
next |
so as |
|
so that |
||||||
that |
|
|
second |
|
thing |
to |
with |
|||||
|
to |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Look at |
the scheme of |
pipeline |
components. Match each |
|||||||
|
Task 9. |
|
||||||||||
component 1–6 with its function A–F given below.
Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements of a pipeline system are:
1.Initial injection station
2.Compressor/pump stations
3.Partial delivery station
4.Block valve station
5.Regulator station
6.Final delivery station
42
A.Known also as intermediate stations, these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.
B.Known also as outlet stations or terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas pipelines.
C.Known also as supply or inlet station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.
D.These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type of pipeline. Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the line.
E.Pumps for liquid pipelines and Compressors for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network.
F.This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure from the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.
Task 10. Look through the description of pipeline components again and write a summary about pipeline networks using words and phrases for sequencing and purpose and passive sentences.
Task 11. What pipeline systems having put on operation do you know? When and where were they put on operation?
Task 12. Before reading the passage about the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System study the following words and word combinations. Match each one with a definition on the right.
1) pump stations |
A) sudden upward movement or progress |
2) to convey |
B) to deal with |
3) a sharp rise |
C) oil leakage |
4) exploration |
D) a special machine or device for forcing oil or |
|
gas into, out of or through smth. |
5) economically feasible |
E) a period of town development and prosperity |
6) to address |
F) geological examination of some area |
7) a large-scale project |
G) to manage successfully |
Part II. Reading and Rendering |
|
43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8) to cope with |
|
H) to transmit smth. |
|
9) boomtown |
|
I) |
an extensive task set or job |
10) oil spill |
|
J) |
practicable with industrial profit |
Task 13. Read the following passage and choose the correct word from A, B or C to fill each gap.
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), includes the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. It is commonly the Alaska Pipeline, TransAlaska Pipeline, Alyeska Pipeline or The Pipeline (in Alaska), but those terms technically apply only to the 1,287.961 km of 122 cm pipe that convey oil from Prudhoe Bay, to Valdez, Alaska, privately owned 2)............. the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
The pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 after |
the 1973 Oil Crisis |
caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States. This rise |
3)............. exploration |
of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field economically feasible. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, and the pipeline was built only after the oil crisis provoked the passage of legislation designed to remove legal challenges to the project.
The task of building the pipeline had to address a wide range of difficulties, stemming mainly from the extreme cold and the difficult, isolated terrain. This was one of the first large-scale projects to deal with problems caused by permafrost, and special techniques had to be developed to cope with the frozen ground. The project attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage.
The first 6).............of oil traveled through the pipeline in 1977, and full-scale production began by the end of the year. Several notable oil-leakage incidents have occurred since, including sabotage, maintenance failures, and holes caused by gunshot. The most significant oil spill associated with the pipeline was caused by the Exxon Valdez, and did not directly involve the pipeline. As of 2009, the pipeline has 7)............. almost 16 billion barrels of oil.
By 2015, it is anticipated that daily oil throughput will approach 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m3/d), unless additional sources of oil are developed. As 8)............. decrease, Alyeska will begin closing pump stations. The company intends to close all but four stations, because the lower throughput will require less pumping to maintain its momentum. If no additional oil fields (such as in the ANWR coastal plain) are developed, the pipeline might reach its minimum operating level of 200,000 barrels 9)............. (32,000 m3/d) by 2020.
By law, Alyeska is required to remove all trace of the pipeline after oil 10)............. is complete. No date has been set for this removal, but plans for it are being updated continuously.
44
|
A |
B |
C |
1. |
name |
called |
call |
2. |
by |
at |
from |
3. |
did |
made |
created |
4. |
invention |
foundation |
discovery |
5. |
construction |
building |
development |
6. |
kg |
barrel |
litre |
7. |
sent |
received |
shipped |
8. |
volumes |
number |
quality |
9. |
per day |
per annual |
per week |
10. |
spill |
exploration |
extraction |
Task 14. Read the article again and compose your summary to it using the words and phrases from Part 2 Unit 1.
Part III. Grammar Practice
UNIT 1. The Simple Sentence. Parts of the Sentence. The Composite Sentences: Compound and Complex Sentences. Elliptical Sentences
Task 1. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
1.Natural stones have always and will continue to play a significant role in all kinds of human activities.
2.The process of taking a small representative portion of a bigger mass is called sampling.
3.Regional geology, together with type of mining, influences productivity.
4.One of the least understood aspects of the mechanical behaviour of rock is the influence of time upon its deformation and fracture.
5.Autonomous machines will be operating without the inefficiencies and interruptions associated with human operators.
6.Mineralized rock and gold bearing veins release gold particles during the weathering process.
7.The life cycle of petroleum operations includes exploration and development, production, refining, marketing, transportation, distribution to the end-user, and final utilization.
8.Decades of continuous growth of oil and gas operations have transformed the natural environment and the way humans have traditionally organized themselves.
9.The discipline of surveying consists of locating points of interest on the surface of the earth.
10.Many state codes, rules, or statutes prescribe minimum technical standards for surveying and mapping.
Task 2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
1.Mining is a very important activity for any industrialized country since it supplies society with the raw materials essential for its growth and development.
2.Because of the earth’s limited resources and the global impact of their exploitation, resource management and waste minimisation is a topic where international cooperation over research is needed.
3.Mechanics is the branch of physics and engineering which deals with the interrelations of force, matter, and motion, and this science is extremely important nowadays, in the age of machines.
4.Prepared coal is commonly dewatered to some degree because excess moisture degrades deliverable heat content in the coal and the added weight increases handling and shipping costs.
46
5.Among the more promising ore bodies that companies will eventually want to develop, many are located in even deeper mines and others lie under the ocean floor, a huge, undeveloped area thought to contain massive potential.
6.While worker safety is Caterpillar’s primary concern when addressing automation issues, increased efficiency and productivity are also major factors.
7.Longwall coal mines achieved partial automation of a relatively repetitive (continuous) mining system in small steps by automating one easily defined machine operation or task while the rest of the operations remained manual.
8.A brief look at our neighbors in space reminds us that the interactions among air, rock, and life affect atmospheric composition, temperature, and movement.
9.Grab samples are gathered from the field, the original location of the samples is recorded, labels are placed on each rock and the ones which appear to be more promising are sent to a laboratory for a metal analysis.
10.The world of mining has more than seven thousand producing mines around the globe and every year we can find that there are more quickly progressing and being developed.
Task 3. Translate the following elliptical sentences.
Example 1:
When in rapid motion, electrons can produce…
Когда электроны быстро движутся, они могут создавать...
1.Roasting involves heating the concentrate to a very high temperature while in contact with air, or oxygen-enriched air.
2.When at its greatest distance from the Earth, Mars is about half as bright as the Polar star.
3.When visible, sunspots are the most interesting objects on the solar surface.
4.Once in space, the vehicle moving at high velocity, say in a satellite orbit, requires no further propulsion to stay aloft.
5.The light of the Sun is very intense, it is about 900 million times that received from Venus, when at her brightest.
6.Though a quarter of million miles away, the Moon is our nearest neighbour in space.
7.Although a medium-small star, the Sun is over a thousand times as massive as Jupiter.
8.Though invisible in themselves, ultra-violet rays can be utilized in the production of light.
9.Although once sufficient, the determination of stratigraphy and the elevation of the groundwater table alone are no longer sufficient for a tunnel project.
Part II. Grammar Practice |
47 |
|
|
Example 2:
Whatever the shape of the magnet, it has two poles.
Какова бы ни была форма магнита, он имеет два полюса. Независимо от формы каждый магнит имеет два полюса.
1.Whatever the method, the calculation must be precise...
2.Whatever the weather conditions, the airport...
3.No matter how different in details, many of the projects...
4.The radiation, no matter how small, effects...
5.However great the pressure changes, the density of the flow...
6.No matter what the nature of the surfaces that are moving over each other, there is always some opposition to the motion.
7.No matter how complicated, the problem of space navigation is expected to be finally solved.
8.Electrical disturbances, no matter how weak, produce radio waves which are picked up by the antenna of the receiver.
9.No matter how complex the machine, it is always made up of standard simple machines.
10.No matter what the final magnitude of cost, there is a need to fund more geotechnical investigative work at earlier stages of a project.
11.Whatever the source, whatever the method of production, the electrons produced by one method are the same in all respects as those produced by another method.
12.Galileo proved that objects fall at the same speed whatever their weight.
13.Whatever the source of the natural gas, once separated from crude oil (if present) it commonly exists in mixtures with other hydrocarbons; principally ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes.
Example 3:
The nucleus determines the radioactive properties, if any, of the atom.
Ядро определяет радиоактивные свойства атома, если он таковыми обладает.
1.The radioactive products, if any, ...
2.The cooling device, if any, ...
3.The gravitational attraction, if any, ...
4.The observations provide definite evidence that the atmosphere on Mercury must be of extreme rarity, if any at all.
5.With no free oxygen and little, if any, water, Mars still appears to have some evidence of life.
48
UNIT 2.
Conjunctive and Relative Pronouns that, which, what
Task 1. Read the reference material and study the example sentences.
1.The idea that the earth rotates around the sun was put forward by the
ancients.
2.Processes that originate deep in the Earth’s interior are called internal processes.
3.It’s common knowledge that water is a liquid.
4.The primary intent is that if personnel are not outside vehicles then vehicles or rocks cannot strike them — any collision or impact is avoided or absorbed by the vehicle protection systems.
5.The discovery of X-rays had such tremendous consequence for further science that it cannot be exaggerated.
6.It has been shown many times that those tunnels that have been investigated more thoroughly have fewer cost overruns and fewer disputes during construction.
7.The indivisibility, from which the atom derives its name, holds for those collisions with other atoms that are treated in the kinetic theory of gases.
8.That all natural substances are composed of electrons, that they are the building-blocks that enter at least as one of the constituent parts of all matter, is very well known.
9.It is another characteristic feature of the device that the two valves act simultaneously.
10.The most striking difference between phosphorus and nitrogen is that nitrogen is quite inactive under ordinary conditions while phosphorus reacts readily both with metals and with non-metals.
11.A system will be described which allows a great increase in the efficiency.
12.The amounts by which the energy changes are called quanta.
13.All telltales which become defective, obscured or out of range need to be replaced as quickly as possible.
14.Weathering may take place in the absence of applied stress and is due mainly to physical and chemical processes which are governed by the environment to which the rock is exposed.
15.Molecules possess kinetic energy, which means that they are in constant
motion.
16.The extent to which the processing approaches the optimum can be evaluated by the following procedure.
17.In most practical cases, both of these phenomena play a part and it is usually impossible to establish which of the two is the main cause of failure.
18.Much depends on what you take as a solvent.
19.It makes no difference what the origin of the magnetic field may be.
Part II. Grammar Practice |
49 |
|
|
20.What properties account for the behaviour of the mixture in question is not yet known.
21.This expansion of gases is what causes the rock to fracture.
22.What really matters in this case is the sudden rise of temperature.
23.The choice as to what process is to be used for purification of water depends upon the uses for which it is intended as well as the impurities it contains.
24.The Roman Empire produced copper at Rio Tinto which is an area that is in operation even nowadays.
25.One of the features which distinguishes a mining enterprise from many other businesses is that during production the company’s asset (for example, the ore) is progressively consumed.
26.One of the big problems with this kind of mining was what it did to the environment.
27.The way that quarrying is done depends on the rock that the miners are trying to get out of the ground and what the rock will be used for after it’s mined.
28.Asbestos is a group of silicate minerals that readily separates into thin, strong and flexible fibers that are heat resistant.
29.Milled peat is a heterogeneous mixture of loose peat particles which are cut from the surface of the peat swamp.
30.The mine operator should provide, free of charge, the personal protective equipment that is to be worn when hazards cannot be eliminated — and ensure that it is worn properly and maintained in good condition.
UNIT 3. Active and Passive Voice
Task 1. Identify the voice of the verbs in bold (Active or Passive) and translate the sentences.
1.Mineral constituents of molten lava crystallize at different temperatures.
2.In a hydrothermal process, hot water which is circulating through rocks by way of fractures and pore spaces can leach minerals out of the rocks through which it passes and transport the minerals in solution.
3.Many quarries are dug in hillsides so that water can drain better.
4.Machines make mining easier, quicker, and sometimes safer.
5.Each level of coal is taken off and the surrounding layers of other materials are dumped in the valley fills until the coal is gone.
6.Diamonds have also been found in dykes of lamprophyre, an ultramafic rock similar to kimberlite.
7.The number of mines in the United States has decreased considerably in the last 20 years.
8.Assuming that consumption continued at the 1966 rate, the global iron reserves identified in 1966 would have been exhausted in 18 years, and we would have run out of iron ore in 1984.
50
9.After that success, geologists hoped that a new era of earthquake prediction had begun.
10.The well is drilled by a moveable rig and the extracted oil and natural gas is transported by undersea pipeline and riser to a processing facility.
11.Lack of suitable wear materials prevents the use of a number of comminution technologies for abrasive materials.
12.The Earth’s surface environment has changed frequently and dramatically during its long history.
13.Underground heat and the pressure we were talking about, plus weathering can change rocks over millions of years.
14.If you were to walk along the axis of a horizontal anticline, you would be walking on a level ridge.
Task 2. Translate the following sentences containing verbs in the Passive
Voice.
1.When a blast is detonated, some of the energy travels through the ground as vibration.
2.Particle velocity is measured in inches per second.
3.Primary gold occurrences are termed lode deposits.
4.The viscosity of a fluid is defined as its resistance to flow.
5.Practically all life-cycle activities of hydrocarbon operations are accompanied by undesirable discharges of liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes, which have an enormous impact on the environment.
6.Bio-oxidation has been used for a long time for processing of refractory gold ores and dump leaching of copper.
7.Besides for oxidation bacteria can also be applied for reducing processes with a number of applications in water purification and soil remediation.
8.Significant efforts have been dedicated to research activities related to safety aspects, especially in the European coal industry during the last few years.
9.The well is drilled by a moveable rig and the extracted oil and natural gas is transported by undersea pipeline and riser to a processing facility.
10.Coal mining is almost always done in flat-lying or gently dipping sedimentary rocks comprising sandstone, shale, claystone, siltstone, marls, and similar rocks.
11.Airblast is also measured with a blasting seismograph equipped with a special microphone.
12.Benitoite was discovered in 1906 by J. M. Couch at the now well-known Benitoite Gem Mine in San Benito County.
13.Serpentine rock is primarily composed of one or more of the three magnesium silicate minerals: lizardite, chrysotile and antigorite.
14.A stratovolcano or composite volcano is built of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic (ash or ejected debris) deposits.