anglysky_dlya_gornykh_inzhenerov

106					Unit 4
37. t) Изучите таблицу и затем переведите следующие наречия.
Значение	Суффикс и его		Пример		Перевод
	произношение
1	2	3			4
обозначает	-1у [И]		badly		плохо
признак			easily		легко
действия
обозначает	-ward (s)		forward		вперед
направление	[W8d(Z)l		inward		внутрь

uniform ly, gra dua lly, gre a tly, hardly, pure ly, fina lly, s lowly, highly, ge ne rally, sim ulta ne ously, bac kwa rd, eastward, home ward

б) Заполните пропуски в пред ложениях, выбирая одно из д анных в скобках наречий.

1. Rocks are ... c om pose d of diffe re nt m inera ls, (pure ly, e as ily, generally)

2. The expa ns ion and c ontraction of roc ks do not occ ur ... a nd a t an equal rate, (hardly, unifor mly, highly)

3.Roc ks are ... transforme d into gravel, (gre atly, s lowly, simulta neously)

4.Water facilitates the decom position of rocks .... (greatly, har dly,

highly)

5. At the be ginning of roc k decom position crac ks or fiss ures are

... noticeable (highly, purely, har dfy), but gra dually they become wider a nd dee per a nd ... roc k is tra nsform e d into gra ve l, sa nd a nd dus t.

(uniformly, greatfy, finally)

6. The method is ... experimental, (simultaneously, purely, uni formly)

38. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на место предлога в русском предложении:

1.The world fossil which means "organic materials accumulated in the geologic past" was originally referred to anything that was dug (to dig — добывать) from the ground.

2.The decomposition of rocks is influenced by many factors.

3.A large expedition will soon be organized to study the Earth's depth. It should be noted that later the expedition will be followed

by another one.

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Unit 4 _______________________________________________ 107

39. Прочтите следующий текст. Найдите в каждом предложении группу «подлежащее-сказуемое». Переведите предложения с глаголом-ска зуемым в страдательном залоге:

The book Planet Earth, an Encyclopedia of Geology is often referred to because it gives much information on the geological history of the Earth, the rocks of Earth, the processes which occur in the Earth, etc. For example, sedimentary rocks form a small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. They are formed from sediments, accumulations of solid material. The oldest sedimentary rocks were known some 3,500 million years ago. The processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us and different sediments are being deposited and may later be changed into rocks. Most sedimentary rocks have been classified according to their grains size. Great attention is also paid to the rocks of the oceans because they are less studied.

40. Укажите, в каких предложениях модальный глагол употребляется с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге. Пе реведите предложения:

1. We can observe physical weathering in deserts and high mountains. This phenomenon can best be observed in places where the changes in temperature are great.

2.Sedimentary rocks can be more or less unconsolidated during the process of sedimentation.

3.Sedimentary rocks can be found at or near the surface of the

Earth.

4.Igneous activity can be considered as one of the most funda mental Earth processes.

5.As is known, igneous rocks can be extrusive and intrusive.

6.Like sands, sandstones can be divided into finegrained, me diumgrained and coarse-grained.

7.One can divide all sediments into consolidated and unconsoli dated rocks.

41. Соедините главные предложения с придаточными.

1.	Rock disintegration does	a) whereas with the fall of
	not occur uniformly and	night they begin to con-
	at an equal rate	tract.
2.	Under the influence of	6) until they are finally trans-
	contraction and expans-	formed into sand, gravel or
	ion rock cracks are	dust.
	formed	в) because it does not cause

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108 __________________________________________ Unit 4

3.	During the day under	any change in the chemical
	the influence of heat,	composition of rocks,
	rocks expand	r) which gradually become
4.	Physical weathering can	wider and deeper.
	best be observed in the	д) as rocks are composed of
	deserts	different minerals.
5.	Rocks gradually decom-	e) where the changes in tern-
	pose	perature are great.

6.The process of physical weathering is purely mechanical

42. Зада йте во прос ы по о браз цу ( С пециа ль ный во про с).

Образец: Weathering takes place in the upper layers of the

Earth's crust, (where?) -> Where does weathering take place?

1.The main cause of physical weathering is the change in tem perature, (what?)

2.Physical weathering can best be observed in the deserts and

high mountains, (where?)

3.Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are the main chemical agents which cause the destruction of rocks, (what agents?)

4.Certain marine organisms accelerate the destructio n of rocks by making holes in them to live in. (how?)

43. Выраз ит е несо гласие со следу ющим и высЕаз ыва нмми и подт верд ите сво ю т о чку з рения фа кт а ми из т екста. Испо льзу йт е пред ла га емые раз го во р ные форму лы:

it s ee m s t o b e w ro ng ; I ca n' t a g re e w i t h y o u ; o n t h e co nt ra ry ; i n m y o pi nio n; as f a r as I kno w ; t ha t's w ro ng

1.Physical weathering is not caused by the changes in tempera

ture.

2.In the regions of a moderate or cold climate, the decomposi tion of rocks is not facilitated by the action of water.

3.The difference in physical and chemical weathering is that physical wea thering causes great changes in the chemical composi

tion of rocks.

4. It is quite obvious that plants and organisms do not affect the destruction of rocks.

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Unit 4 _______________________________________________ 109

44. Суммируйте содержание текста Б, используя слова в скобках.

1.The main cause of physical weathering, (the change in tem perature, to observe, to expand, to contract, to crack, to be hardly noticeable, to be facilitated by)

2.The main cause of chemical weathering, (to be subjected to, to contain, to act as, to cause changes, to be transformed into)

3.The effect of organis ms and plants on the disintegration of rocks, (to accelerate the destruction of rocks, to penetrate into, to develop lateral pressure, to destroy rocks)

В

45. Прочитайте текст В без словаря. Скажите, о чем говорится в нем.

Слова для понимания текста:

suspended particles — взвешенные частицы define [di 'fain] — определять

ТЕКСТ В The

Earth's Crust

Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth's crust. The crust is composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specific

and rather simple composition. Minerals in the Earth's crust are concentrated into specific groups which are called rocks. Two

distinctly different types of crust are recognized: oceanic and

continental.

Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, the composition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. Scientists

say that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor consists largely of minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and

silicon, and it is formed by the cooling of lavas extruded on the sea

floor to form a type of rock called basalt. It is subjected to the same forces of erosion and weathering.

The continental crust contains less iron and magnesium than the

oceanic crust, but relatively more silicon, aluminium, sodium and potassium. The continental crust is more complicated and has a more

variable thickness and a less well defined structure.

A systematic examination of all known rock types shows that two principal types predominate: 1) Igneous rocks which are formed by

the cooling and crystallization of liquids from deep in the crust called magma; 2) Sedimentary rocks which are formed by

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110 _________________________________________ Unit 4

sedimentation and gradual cementation of sediments by the action of

water, ice, wind and organisms. They are layered or stratified. Most of the sediments are deposited in the sea along the continents.

As sediments grow larger and are buried deeper, increasing pres -

sure and rising temperature produce physical and chemical changes in them. The resulting metamorphic rocks generally show whether

they originated from sedimentary or igneous rocks. This process is

slow — hundreds of millions of years are necessary. As weathering and erosion occur, some s ubstances are dissolved and removed in

solution while others are transported as suspended particles.

Continental crust contains extremely varied types of rock. It is quite possible to say that the rock-forming processes which we can

observe today, have bee n active for at least 3,500 million years.

The oceanic crust, by contrast with the continental crust, shows little variation in composition. It leads to the idea that the rocks of

the sea floor might not contain as many valuable mineral resources

as do the rocks of the continental crust. The solution of the problem will be one of the main problems of oceanographic research in

future.

46. а) На йд ит е • ка ж до м абза це текста В пред ло ж ение, выра жа юще е его основву ю мысль.

б) На йд ите в т ексте В пред ло жения, в кото рых гово рвтс* о б исследо - вавя в нед р Земля.

в) Со ставьт е пла н т екста В и крат ку ю авиота цию текста, испо льзу я следу юще е раэго ворв ые фо рмулы:

The subject of the text is ...

The text deals with ... It is pointed out that ... It is

obvious that ... To sum it up

...

47. а) Про чита йт е и перевед ите текс т со сло ва рем.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Leonardo's all-round genius brought him face-to-face with problems of understanding the Earth. He saw the Earth undergoin g

endless change, largely occasioned by the forces of weather a nd water (both marine erosion of coasts and river erosion of hills).

Solid land was constantly decaying into alluvial plains. The creation by rivers of their own valleys, which they then silted up, fascinated

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Unit 4	111

him. Land loss was being compensated for by a steady rise of the continents from the sea (as erosion made them lighter, they were able to rise).

His awareness of the power of water enabled him to recognize fossils as organic remains buried in strata debris, and he pointed to the similarities between fossil and living specimens. He denied that fossils were due to the Flood and privately speculated on the high antiquity of the Earth.

б)

С ка ж ит е ,

ка ко в а т о чка з рен ия

Лео на рд о д а Ви нч и а л про цесс

об разо ва нна иско паем ых • нед р ах З емли.

в)

Р а сска ж ит е о ра з но сто ро н не м та ла нт е Лео на рд о д а В ин чи ка к

у чено го , х уд о ж ника,

а рх ит екто ра и т. д.

КРОССВОРД (CROSSWORD)

В это м квад рате

за шифро ва но более 60

сло в. С ко ль ко с лов удаст ся ва м

на йт и? За пишит е эт и слов а и да йте их ру сские э квива лент ы.

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97

UNIT 5	Rocks of Earth's Crust
A. Грамматика.
	Функции причастия прошедшего времени (Particip le II).
Текст А.	Igneous Rocks.
Б. Грамматика.
	1.	Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
	2.	Место наречий в предложении.
	3. Наречия на -/у.
Текст Б.	MeUmorphic Rocks.

B. Текст В.

ГРАММАТИКА

Функции причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II)

Причастие — это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки прилагательного и глагола.

Формы причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) стандартных глаголов совпадают с формами Past Indefinite, т.е. имеют суффикс -еѐ:

to use — used (ис пользованный)

to discuss — discussed (обсужденный) to invite — invited (приглашенный)

Причастия прошедшего времени нестандартных глаголов приводятся в словарях и их следует заучивать.

		ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧА СТИЯ II
1.	Часть сказуемого,		The mine was bu ilt	Шахта была построена
выраженного		глаголом	many years ago.	много лет тому назад.
во	временах	группы	It hasn't rained yet.
Perfect действительного				Дождя еще не было.
залога и во всех време-
нах страдательного за-
лога.
2.	Левое определение		Th e sto len p icture was	Украденная картина бы-
(стоит перед определя			very soon found.	ла вскоре найдена .

емым словом)

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Unit 5	113

3. Правое определение

(стоит после определяемого слова, образуя определительный причастный оборот)

4. Обстоятельство (с

союзами when, while, if, unless, as и др.)

The engineers invited to	Инженеры,	приглашен-
the mine are good spe-	ные на шахту, хорошие
cialists.	специалисты.
When burnt, coal pro-	При сгорании уголь вы-
duced heat.	деляет тепло . (Когда
	уголь сгорает, он...)
Metals do not melt un-	Металлы не	плавятся,
til heated to a definite	пока не нагреваются до
temperature.	определенной темпера-

туры.

Причаст ие II т акже входит в сост ав перфектн ых ф орм действительного и страдательного залога причастия I (см. также

с. 150), кот орые обозначают действие , соверш ивш ееся ранее, чем действие, выраженное глаголом -сказуемым. На русский язык причаст ный об орот с т акими причастиями переводится деепричастным об оротом или придаточным предложением:

Having constructed the	Создав прибор в лаборатории,
device in the laboratory,	инженеры испытали его на
the engineers tested it at	заводе.
the plant.
Having been constructed	После того как приб ор был
in the laboratory, the	создан в лаборатории, он
device was tested at the	был испытан на заводе.
plant.

ПРЕДТ Е КСТ ОВЫ Е У ПРАЖ НЕ НИЯ

1. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

[ав] — 'magma, mass, 'value, vol'cano, ash, crack, 'rapidly

[л] — crust, cut, tuff, come, a'mong, oc'currence, 'upper [a:] — 'certain, 'surface, first, oc'cur, Earth, term

[a:] — 'lava, glass, 'glassy, part, 'particle

[u:j — in'trusion, in'trusive, ex'trusion, ex'trusive

99

114	Unit 5

б) Прочитайте следующие слом и запомните их произношение:

basalt ['basalt], batholith ['boOaliO], crystalline [ 'knstalam], component [kam'pounant], diorite ['daiarait], orthoclase ['D:9o(u)kleis],

pegmatites ['pegmataits], quaktz [kwo:ts], rhyolite ['raialait], zinc [zigk]

2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетанш слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.

abyssal [s'bissl] а абиссальный, глу-		венный; тонкий; прекрасный,
бинный; bypabbsal [,hips'bis(3)l] a		ясный (о погоде); изящный;
гипабиссальный		fine-graded (fine-grained) мел-
adjacent [s'dseissnt] а смежный,		козернистый, тонкозернистый;
примыкающий		fines п pi мелочь; мелкий уголь
ash [aefl n зола		flow [Пои] v течь; литься; л тече-
belt [belt] л пояс; лента; ремень		ние; поток; flow of lava поток
body ['bodi] л тело, вещество; solid		лавы
(liquid, gaseous) bodies твердые		fragmentary [ 'fnegnuntan] а обло-
(жидкие ,	газообразные)	мочный, пластический
вещества; породная масса;		glass [gla:s] л стекло; glassy ['glorsi]
массив;	месторождение;	а гладкий, зеркальный; стек-
пласты		лянный
common ['ko msn] а обычный; об-		gold [gould] л золото
щий; syn general; ant uncommon		inclined [m'klaind] а наклонный
cool [ku :l] v	о хлаждать(ся); осты-	mica ['maika] л слюда
вать; прохладный; ant heat на-		permit [pa'mit] v позволять, раз-
гревать(ся)		решать; syn allow, let; make
dimension [di'men/(s)n] л измере-		possible
ние; pi размеры; величина; syn		probably ['probsbli] adv вероятно;
measurement, size		syn perhaps, maybe
dust [dASt] л пыль		shallow ['Jaelouj а мелкий; поверх-
dyke [daik] л дайка		ностный; ant deep глубокий
extrusion [iks'tru:3(9)n] л вытесне-		sill [sil] л силь, пластовая интру-
ние; выталкивание; ant intru-		зия
sion вторжение; геол. интрузия		stock [stok] л шток, небольшой ба-
(внедрение в породу извер -		толит
женной массы)		vein [vein] л жила, прожилок,
fine [fain] а тонкий, мелкий; мел-		пропласток

ко зернистый; высо ко кач ест-

3. а) Переведите прилагательные с суффиксом -Iff.

intrusive, extrusive, creative, descriptive

б) Заполните пропуски в предложениях прилагательными, образованными от выделенных существительных:

1. Igneous rocks are those which have crystallized from magma. Magma may rise through fissures to the surface of the Earth as lava.

100

Unit 5 _________________________________________ 115

In geology this process is called extrusion. Thus, ... rocks are formed either as lavas or as fragmentary rocks.

2. Igneous rocks on the other hand may be cooled among the other rocks of the crust. The process is known as intrusion and such rocks are called ....

3. In his Reminiscences of a Mining Engineer Academician Terpigorev gave ^description of the training of specialists at the Mining Institute in St.Petersburg before the Revolution. Students' specia lization was based on ... courses and elementary practical training.

4. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

fragmentary rocks

intrusive igneous rocks exposed igneous rocks

coarse-grained minerals of great scientific value of unequal hardness different mineral particles bedded veins

flat veins steep veins coal fines

inclined coal seams different sources of fuel

slowly-cooled rocks

at shallow depths adjacent rocks

deep-seated rocks enormous lateral pressure at a slow rate

rock fissures clay veins numerous veins

smaller dimensions glassy surface mode of occurrence

volcanic ashes and dust

5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с кор нями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

intrusive and extrusive rocks; intrusive magma; large crystals; volcanic rocks; mountain zones; zones of major deformation; mineral grains; granites and diorites; the group of intrusive or plutonic rocks; straight parallel walls; gigantic crystals; several tons; slowlycooled batholiths; thick laccoliths; other plutonites; coarse-grained pegmatites; lava flow

6. Прочитайте текст А. Назовите характерные особенности извержен ных пород:

ТЕКСТ А

Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks have crystallized from solidified magma..

Igneous rocks can be classified in a number of ways and one of them is based on mode of occurrence. They occur either as intrusive (below the surface) bodies or as extrusive masses solidified at the

101