- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Legal texts for reading the legal profession
- •Exercises
- •Types of Legal Professions: Great Britain
- •Solicitors
- •Barristers
- •Judges in Great Britain
- •Us Attorneys
- •How does someone become a lawyer?
- •An outline of lawmaking process in great britain and the usa
- •Britain
- •United States
- •The court system of england and wales
- •The united states of america the constitution
- •The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
- •The system of government The American System of Government
- •Congress
- •The President and Federal Departments
- •The Federal Judiciary
- •The system of checks and balances
- •Great britain the system of government
- •The crown
- •Judiciary
- •Discussion topics for credit
- •Discussion topics for exam
- •Individual task for credit
- •Our American Government
- •Vocabulary
- •Individual task for exam
- •I. Basic concepts of American Jurisprudence
- •Law study in the u.S.A. Around the Law School (6-8)
- •II. Government in Britain
- •Grammar reference and exercises
- •1. Pronouns
- •2. Nouns
- •3. Adjectives (Comparisons)
- •Irregular forms:
- •Comparative constructions:
- •4. Present Simple
- •Romeo and juliet
- •5. Present Continuous
- •6. Present Simple vs Continuous
- •7. Future Simple and Present tenses with the future meaning
- •Finish, complain, fall off, be, miss, die, rain, drive, work, fail
- •The future of our solar system
- •8. Present Perfect
- •9. Past simple
- •Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
- •10. Past Simple and Present Perfect
- •11. Present Perfect Continuous
- •12. Past Continuous
- •Alexander the Great
- •The Vikings in America
- •Charles-Marie de la Condamine
- •13. Past Perfect
- •14. Past Perfect Continuous
- •15 Revision
- •Reported Speech
- •1. “Say” and “tell”
- •2. Reported statements
- •3. Reported Questions
- •4. Reported commands / requests / suggestions
- •5. Revision
- •Passive Voice
- •1. Formation and uses
- •Ship, pick, drink, take, dry, roast, prepare, sell, sort, plant Growing and preparing coffee.
- •Grown, cut, taught, locked, sent, explained, killed, given, built, driven
- •Cause, damage, hold, include, invite, make, overtake, show, translate, write
- •2. Changing from active into passive
- •3. Revision
- •Active Voice: Formation
- •Irregular Verbs
The crown
At the head of the United Kingdom is the King, or, as at present, the Queen. But her power is very symbolic. Everything is done in Queen's name. But her power is not absolute; it is limited in many various ways. It is said that the Queen reigns but does not rule. She personally does not decide what action the state shall take. The hereditary principle still operates and the Crown is passed on to the sovereign's eldest son (or daughter if there are no sons).
The Queen has a central role in state affairs, not only through her ceremonial functions, such as opening Parliament, but also because she meets the Prime Minister every week and receives copies of all Cabinet papers.
Functions of the Queen:
- opening and closing Parliament;
- approving the appointment of the Prime Minister;
- giving her Royal Assent to bills;
- giving honours such as peerages, knighthoods and medals;
- Head of the Commonwealth;
- Head of the Church of England;
- Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
Judiciary
Criminal Proceedings. There are two courts of trial and two courts of appeal for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The courts of trial are the Magistrates' Court and the Crown Court, and the courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.
The Magistrates' Court. The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates' Court. The Magistrates' Court is the lower court of trial. It deals with summary offences. More serious criminal cases (indictable offences) then go to the Crown Court. Civil cases are dealt with in County courts.
Magistrates' Courts have limited powers of penalty but may commit a convicted offender to the Crown Court if it is considered that the powers of the Magistrates' Court are insufficient. Approximately 95% of all prosecutions are dealt with in the Magistrates' Courts.
Juvenile Courts are composed of specially trained magistrates. They try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years.
The Crown Court. The Crown Court is the senior court of trial for criminal offences. The courts are established at various centres throughout the country. The courts are presided over by either a High Court Judge, Circuit Judge or Recorder who sits with a jury. The Crown Court for the City of London is the Central Criminal Court, also known as the Old Bailey.
The Crown Court may also hear appeals against conviction and/or sentence for some offences dealt with at the Magistrates' Court.
The Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Courts.
The House of Lords. The House of Lords is the most senior and final court of appeal.
Civil Proceedings. Civil proceedings consist of litigation about Property, family matters and actions to obtain financial redress for damage to property and personal injury. The courts of trial for such litigation are the County Court and the High Court of Justice.
County Courts are local courts and are presided over by a single Judge. The High Court of Justice is situated in London. Some cases before the High Court of Justice may be heard before a jury.
Answer the following questions:
1. What courts are there in England, Wales and Northern Ireland?
2. What offences does the Magistrates' Court deal with?
3. Where must the most serious offences be committed to?
4. What charges do Juvenile Courts try?
5. What court is the senior court of trial for criminal offences?
6. What is the most senior and final court of appeal?
7. What do civil proceedings consist of?
8. Where is the High Court of Justice situated?
Complete the following sentences by translating the words and expressions in brackets:
1. All criminal cases start in the (Магистратском суде).
2. More serious criminal cases then go to (Королевский суд).
3. Civil cases are dealt with in (судах графств).
4. Appeals are heard by (аппеляционными судами).
5. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is (Палата лордов).
6. The legal system also includes (суды по делам несовершеннолетних) which deal with offenders under seventeen.