Unit 10

Тема: Литейное производство. Ковка металлов.

Грамматика:

1. Причастия (функции, причастные обороты ОПО, СПО, НПО).

2. Безличные предложения.

3. Придаточные предложения следствия

4. Частица «ли», выраженная союзами “if”, “whether”.

5. Словообразование посредством чередования ударения, гласных и согласных.

Повторение:

1. Времена глаголов.

2. Действительный и страдательный залоги.

3. Грамматический разбор.

4. Правило согласования времен.

5. Инфинитив (функции, обороты).

6. Причастия.

Тексты:

1. Founding

2. Forging

Лексика

	ancient	древний
	anvil	наковальня
	art	искусство
	brass	латунь
	carefully	осторожно, бережно
	certain	некоторый, определенный
	clay	глина
	desirable	желательный
	die-casting	литье в форму под давлением
	ferrous	железистый, черный
	fine	превосходный, тонкий; мелкозернистый (песок)
	forging	ковка
	founding	литье
	hammer	молот
	hollow	полость, пустота, полый
	medium	средний
	metalworking	металлообработка
	mold	литейная форма
	molten	расплавленный
	non-ferrous	цветной (о металле)
	owing to	благодаря
	pattern	образец
	productivity	производительность, продуктивность
	quantity	количество
	range	диапазон
	rather	достаточно, до некоторой степени
	removable	сменный, съемный, передвигаемый
	rolling	прокатка
	sand	песок
	shrinkage	усадка
	slightly	слегка
	steam	пар
	tin	олово
	to arrange	располагать
	to assume	предполагать, допускать, считать
	to complicate	усложнять, осложнять
	to draw (drew, drawn)	тянуть, тащить
	to enlarge	увеличивать
	to escape	выделяться, освобождаться
	to force	заставлять, нагнетать
	to moisten	увлажнять, смачивать
	to overhang	выступать, свешиваться
	to prove	оказываться
	to suppose	полагать, предполагать
	vapor	пар
	wood	дерево (материал)

I. Вспомните, как переводятся следующие слова:

fire; hope; to hope; to grow; to stand; to be upset; to be proud of.

II. Прочитайте и переведите слова, не пользуясь словарем. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

alternative; billet; capital; compressive; conference; debate; detail; diameter; literature; massiveness; mass-media; original; plan; proficient; provision; replica; shock; surprise; to absorb; to announce; to compensate; to differentiate; to localize; variation.

III. Прочитайте, переведите и попытайтесь запомнить следующие слова:

• существительные

anvil; art; brass; clay; die-casting; forging; founding; hammer; hollow; metalworking; mold; pattern; productivity; quantity; range; rolling; sand; shrinkage; steam; tin; vapor; wood; escape; force;

• прилагательные

ancient; certain; desirable; ferrous; fine; hollow; medium; molten; non-ferrous; removable;

• глаголы

to arrange; to assume; to complicate; to draw; to enlarge; to escape; to force; to moisten; to overhang; to prove; to suppose;

• наречия и предлоги

carefully; slightly; rather; owing to.

IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

a) the shrinkage of the casting; the most popular and simplest types of casting; some amount of clay; a certain amount of vapor and gas; one of the comparably new casting methods; a large quantity of small to medium sized parts; a great number of operations; three-dimensional solids of very high complexity level; a number of attempts; accurate movements of the workpiece and cutter; the bottom of the processing chamber; a certain percentages of vanadium, molybdenum, or other elements; the newest of the five main families of steels;

b) a hollow mold; die-casting; sand casting; a fine surface quality and dimensional tolerance; the capital machinery and tooling costs; the heavier metallic mineral particles; high-energy particle beams; the longest continuous manned presence; a hardened steel centre; a relatively small rocky core; high-tech environments; the two-body wear mode; sand paper; the oldest metalworking processes; sand casting sand;

c) the Earth's surface; the Earth’s atmosphere; the planet's unusual axial position; NASA's Dawn space probe; Mir's development; the station's microgravity environment.

Повторение

V. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, найдите в них сказуемое и определите его время и залог:

1. Milling machines will perform a great number of operations, some very complex. 2. However, their potential application has been delayed because they don’t provide any protection. 3. Some alloys that are commercially called irons contain more carbon than commercial steels. 4. Some lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of very high complexity level. 5. Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. 6. By 1940, automatic equipment in production had already been very well developed for decades. 7. A cutting tool has one or more cutting edges and is made of a material that is harder than the work material. 8. There have been a number of attempts to describe types of wear with reference to sliding conditions in order to help better understand them.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его залог и поменяйте его на противоположный:

1. Special cutters can cut workpieces of different materials. 2. NC means controlled the accurate movements of the workpiece and cutter. 3. The launch vehicleis usedby the spacecraft to lift it from the Earth's surface, through the atmosphere, and into anorbit. 4. The manufacturers have spent huge sums of money to develop tribotesters. 5. Thousands of satellites have been launched by Russia and other nations into orbit around the Earth. 6. A number of wear tests have been developed by committees in an attempt to standardize wear testing for specific applications. 7. In a milling machine, a workpiece is fed by the feeding mechanism against a circular device with a series of cutting edges on its circumference. 8. These microscopies have greatly increased the ability of surface scientists to measure the physical structure of many surfaces.

VII. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложений:

1. When crushed ore is suspended either in water or an air blast, the heavier metallic mineral particles fall to the bottom of the processing chamber, and the lighter components are blown or washed away. 2. Unconventional machine tools employ light, electrical, chemical, and ultrasonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology.

VIII. Замените настоящее время сказуемого главного предложения на прошедшее, не забыв при этом сделать соответствующие изменения в придаточном дополнительном предложении:

1. We know that there are an extraordinary number of machine tools used in industry. 2. They expect that supercomputers in particular will have highly unique architectures. 3. Everybody hopes that little by little computers are becoming more and more powerful. 4. The manufacturer understands that some dangerous jobs require the use of robots. 5. The mission centre announced that a few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. 6. The cosmonauts report that the atmosphere on board the ISS was maintained with a composition comparable to that of the Earth’s atmosphere. 7. We are proud of the fact that our station currently holds the record for the longest continuous manned presence in space. 8. Software is a set of electronic instructions that tell how the hardware has to perform a task.

IX. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них инфинитив, определите его функцию. Предложения переведите:

1. Science is an attempt to increase human knowledge. 2. This equipment helps to cut metric and fine threads in automatic mode. 3. To cool workpieces is necessary to keep the tolerances. 3. Electrodischarge machining (EDM) employs electrical energy to remove metal from the workpiece. 4. The last man to stand on the Moon was Eugene Gernan, who as part of the mission Apollo 17 walked on the Moon in December 1972. 5. The reason for the use of this machine tool was to create or to modify large, highly accurate parts. 6. This development offers the possibility to hold a hardened steel centre, which is used to support long thin workpieces while turning. 7. The only requirement to the new machine tool was to allow some parts to be machined at the same time.

X. Разделите предложения на две группы: с СИО (субъектным инфинитивным оборотом) и с ОИО (объектным инфинитивным оборотом). Прочитайте их и переведите:

1. The designers believed Mir to have the capacity to support a resident crew of three and larger crews for short-term visits. 2. As Jupiter is believed to have only a relatively small rocky core and no real solid surface, a landing mission is nearly impossible. 3. The space program assumes the spacecraft used for robotic space missions to operate autonomously. 4. The progress in industry requires machine tools to be used either directly or indirectly in the manufacture of machine and tool parts. 5. In 2015 NASA's Dawn space probe is expected to arrive at and enter into orbit around the planet. 6. The magnetosphere of Uranus proved to be greatly affected by the planet's unusual axial position.

XI. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них причастия (Participle I, Participle II, Participle I Passive), определите их функцию (определение или обстоятельство). Предложения переведите:

1. To cool and lubricate the workpiece being machined is not always possible with enough degree. 2. Being machined the workpiece was cooled by the lubricant of special composition. 3. At first the ability to interconnect with other computers was available mainly to people working in high-tech environments. 4. These steels have a specified composition, containing a certain percentages of vanadium, molybdenum, or other elements. 5. So called HSLA steels are the newest of the five main families of steels. 6. These specialized machine tools made it possible to manufacture standardized products very economically, using relatively unskilled workers. 7. Early machines used complex systems of gears to control the machine and the piece being worked on.