3. Complete these sentences using a noun or a verb from the box.

a) specifications; b) given; c) selecting; d) criteria; e) expertise; f) vendor

1. The project team evaluates the … for each solution. 2. Sometimes more than one … sells the hardware and software. 3. Detailed application specifications can be developed only after … the hardware and software for an information system. 4. It is important to change some … during the development process. 5. In a large project, specifications are … to a programming team, but in a small project, you as the user might develop your own specifications.

6. Then you might give the specifications to a programmer or, if you have the … , you might create the software yourself.

4. Find the terms to the given definitions.

1) modification 2) adaptability 3) warranty 4) maintenance 5) upgrade

a) a guarantee by the seller of property, a product, etc. b) means of support; keeping in proper condition c) a slight change or improvement, as in form or function d) to raise to a higher rank, responsibility, value, importance e) the ability to modify (oneself) to an environment

5. Answer the questions.

1. How does the team choose the best solution?

2. How does the project team find the right hardware and software?

3. What happens after the project team selects a solution? 4. What is the importance of application specifications? 5. What happens to the completed specifications?

Text D: Implementation and Maintenance

The tasks that take place during the implementation phase are: purchase and install hardware and/or software, create and test applications, finalize documentation, convert to new system. When new hardware and software are purchased and installed, they are tested to ensure they operate correctly.

Different types of testing help identify and fix problems. As each application module is completed, it undergoes unit testing. When all modules are tested, integration testing is performed to ensure that the modules operate together correctly. After unit and integration testing are completed, system testing ensures that all hardware and software components work together correctly.

The information system should be completely documented. System documentation describes a system’s features, hardware, and programming. User documentation describes how to interact with the system.

Implementation of a new system must include training employees. It might be software orientation, hardware operations, data entry and backup procedures.

The data for a new information system must be converted and loaded into the new system. System conversion is the process of deactivating an old information system and activating a new one. A final test called acceptance testing demonstrates that the system works correctly.

The maintenance phase involves day-to day operation of the system, making modifications to improve performance, and correcting problems. It is the longest SDLC phase and lasts until the system is retired.