- •Вазорати маориф ва илмии љумњурии тољикистон
- •1St course - 1st term
- •1.1.My school
- •1.2.My future profession
- •1.3.My hobby
- •1.4.English language
- •1.5.English writers
- •1.6.Dushanbe is the capital of tajikstan
- •1.7.My flat
- •1.8. My favourite writer
- •1.9.My favorite sport
- •1St course - 2nd term
- •1.10. My best friend (дугонаи беҳтарини ман)
- •1.11.My best friend (рафиқи беҳтарини ман)
- •1.12.American and british families
- •1.13.American customs and traditions
- •1.14.American holidays
- •1.15.Animals and pets
- •1.16.At the theatre
- •1.17.Big ben
- •2.2. Great britain
- •2.3. New year's day
- •2.4.Holidays, travel and tourism
- •2.5.Holidays in great britain
- •2.6.Home is where the heart is
- •2.7. I have a dream to be a doctor
- •2.8. I like to travel
- •2.9. Moscow
- •2.10. Learning foreign languages
- •2.11. Meals
- •2Nd course - 2nd term
- •2.12. Pets
- •2.13. Places to visit in london
- •2.14. Radio and tv in my life
- •2.15. About myself
- •2.16. A tea-party
- •2.17. Care of health
- •Did you know all that? And here is an Arabian proverb about health: "He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything."
- •2.18. Christmas day
- •2.19. Cinema
- •2.20. Choosing a career
- •2.21. Customs and traditions
- •2.22. Sport and a healthy mode of life
- •3Rd course - 1st term
- •3.1. London
- •3.2. Grandparents. A blessing or a burden
- •3.3. Fast food
- •3.4. Computer (history)
- •3.5. Canada
- •3.6. British parliament
- •3.7. Art
- •3.8. Education in the usa
- •Higher education institutions in usa
- •3.9. Jack london
- •3.10. New york city
- •3.11. Entertainment
- •3.12. New zealand
- •3.13. Role of women in society
- •3.14. Russian federation (russia)
- •3Rd course – 2nd term
- •3.15. Seasons
- •No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should fell that they are cared for.
- •3.17. The history of london
- •3.18. The mass media Newspapers
- •Television and radio
- •3.19. Why do we learn the english language
- •3.20. William caxton
- •3.21. William shakespeare
- •3.22. Advantages and disadvantages of computer
- •3.23. Advertisement
- •3.24. Sports in great britain
- •3.25. Un peace-keeping forces.
- •3.26. United states of america
- •3.27. Global warming
- •3.28. Agatha christie
- •4Th course - 1st term
- •4.1. Cambridge university
- •4.2. Declaration of independence
- •Virginia:
- •4.3. Ecology
- •4.4. E-commerce
- •4.5.History of basketball
- •4.6. Industrial revolution
- •Its Effects
- •4.7. Modern music
- •4.8. Olympic games
- •4.9. Ozone layer
- •4.10. Paris
- •4.11. Religion
- •4.12. Science
- •4.13. Shopping
- •4.14. The beatles
- •4.15. The british museum
- •4.16. The british parliament
- •4Th course - 2nd term
- •4.17. The commonwealth of australia
- •4.18. The political system of the usa
- •4.19. The protection of the environment
- •4.20. The renaissance
- •4.21. The united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
- •4.22. Transport
- •4.23. Us congress
- •4.24. Valentine's day
- •Valentine
- •Valentine's Day in the usa
- •Valentine's Day in Other Cultures
- •4.25. Visit to a doctor
- •4.28. White house
- •4.29. Why do we learn the english language
- •4.30. Youth problems
- •4.31. Foreign relations and armed forces of the uk
- •4.32. Languages and religion in the united kingdom
- •Motivational stories a mother's love
- •Are you sincere friend?
- •Wind or sun – who wins?
- •When you just think of you!
- •The touchstone
- •Life throws a brick at you
- •God has been good to me
- •Why it is so hard to let go
- •Law of the garbage truck
- •Don’t hope,…decide!
- •Helpless love
- •The important things in life
- •It is the little things that make a big difference
- •The midas touch
- •The lark and her young ones
- •Self confidence
- •Shake it off
- •Unique flaw
- •Kill ego and save love
- •An office boy
- •It is you…
- •What makes all the difference in your effort!!
- •The exercise of other
- •The shipwreck
- •What goes around comes around
- •The gift
- •The big rocks
- •The barber who didn't believe
- •The law of the garbage truck
- •The apple tree
- •Be patient
- •Hospital windows
- •The beloved man
- •Stone soup
- •Buying time
- •Why are you crying?
- •Problems
- •The secret of happiness
- •The task
- •Friendship
- •Heaven and hell
- •Secret of turning earth into gold
- •Victimization by past
- •Teacher attitude
- •Puzzle pieces
- •The 99 club
- •You are unique
- •Every success story is also a story of great failure
4.8. Olympic games
The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olimpia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olimpia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship.
In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later.
In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sport’s governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value.
Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition.
In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central policy-making body of the Olympic movement. It is formed by the representatives of all countries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides upon the programme of the games, the number of the participants and the city-host for the Games. Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented in the International Olympic Committee now. Besides, each country has its National Olympic Committee.
Summer and Winter Games are held separately. There are always several cities wishing to host the Games. The most suitable is selected by the International Committee. After that the city of the Games starts preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centers. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything. There is always an interesting cultural program of concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc., for each Games.
4.9. Ozone layer
Ozone layer or ozonosphere, region of the stratosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone , located at altitudes of 12-30 mi (19-48 km) above the earth's surface. Ozone in the ozone layer is formed by the action of solar ultraviolet light on oxygen.
The ozone layer prevents most ultraviolet (UV) and other high-energy radiation from penetrating to the earth's surface but does allow through sufficient ultraviolet rays to support the activation of vitamin D in humans. The full radiation, if unhindered by this filtering effect, would destroy animal tissue. Higher levels of radiation resulting from the depletion of the ozone layer have been linked with increases in skin cancers and cataracts and have been implicated in the decline of certain amphibian species.
In 1974 scientists warned that certain industrial chemicals, e.g., chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and to a lesser extent, halons and carbon tetrachloride, could migrate to the stratosphere. There, sunlight could free the chlorine or bromine atoms to form chlorine monoxide or other chemicals, which would deplete upper-atmospheric ozone. A seasonal decrease, or "hole," discovered in 1985 in the ozone layer above Antarctica was the first confirmation of a thinning of the layer. The hole occurs over Antarctica because the extreme cold helps the very high clouds characteristic of that area form tiny ice particles of water and nitric acid, which facilitate the chemical reactions involved. In addition, the polar winds, which follow a swirling pattern, create a confined vortex, trapping the chemicals. When the Antarctic sun rises in August or September and hits the trapped chemicals, a chain reaction begins in which chlorine, bromine, and ice crystals react with the ozone and destroy it very quickly. The effect usually lasts through November. There is a corresponding hole over the Arctic that similarly appears in the spring, although in some years warmer winters there do not result in a major depletion of the ozone layer. A global thinning of the ozone layer results as ozone-rich air from the remaining ozone layer flows into the ozone-poor areas.
Minimum ozone levels in the Antarctic decreased steadily throughout the 1990s, and less dramatic decreases have been found above other areas of the world. In 2000 (and again in 2003) the hole reached a record size, extending over 10.8 million sq mi (28 million sq km), an area greater than that of North America. In 1987 an international agreement, the Montreal Protocol , was reached on reducing the production of ozone-depleting compounds. Revisions in 1992 called for an end to the production of the worst of such compounds by 1996, and CFC emissions dropped dramatically by 1993. Recovery of the ozone layer, however, is expected to take 50 to 100 years. Damage to the ozone layer can also be caused by sulfuric acid droplets produced by volcanic eruptions.