To acknowledge – допускать

confinement – ограничение свободы

penalty – наказание

accused – обвиняемый

trial proceeding – судебное разбирательство

remand custody – предварительное заключение

convicted – осужденный

met out – подвергнуться

swift – быстрый

execution – казнь

dismemberment – расчленение, разделение на части

flogging – порка (телесное наказание)

branding – клеймение (осуждённого преступника)

the stocks – колодки

the pillory – позорный столб

incarceration – заключение в тюрьму

debilitating – изнурительный, подрывающий силы, подтачивающий здоровье

illegal behavior – незаконное поведение

to embody – включать, содержать

Answer the questions:

1. What were the major purposes served by prisons until the 18^th century?

2. What punishments can you name? Were they cruel?

3. When the confinement was used as punishment?

Four concepts that represent the major philosophical orientations of the past two centuries:

Penitence

The origin of modern day penitentiaries was one of those progressive reforms which was essentially humanitarian in nature and intended to replace the excessive forms of punishments. Penitentiaries were first established in the United States in the late 1700’s when reform-minded Quakers introduced the notion of penitence as a means by which offenders could be reformed. The ideas of solitude, of contemplating the evils perpetrated and of making confession were prevalent. This activity was accompanied by isolation and by hard labor.

Notes:

penitence– 1) раскаяние; покаяние 2) наказание (в качестве искупления грехов) ; епитимья

notion– понятие

solitude– изоляция

contemplate– иметь намерением что-л., замышлять

perpetrate– нарушить (уголовный закон), совершить (преступление)

confession – признание

Punishment

With the modernization of the penitentiary system, the religious influences diminished. We could describe this process as the secularization of prisons. At the same time the activities of hard labor were moved from public view to the confines of the prison buildings or grounds. Partly, this was due to objections from the community claiming that prisoner labor was unfair competition in the market place. Prison labor then became a way to try to make prisons economically self-sufficient.

It is during this period (late 18th to early 19th century) that the prison system became closed to public view. In some respects, this period can be described as the “dark ages” of the modern penal system. Out of public view and with a diminished religious influence, excesses grew in the arbitrary and raw exercise of power and authority by prison administrators. This development resulted in a counter-development known as the “prison sub-culture” developed by the prisoners themselves. While the sub-culture was similarly characterized by excesses, it was essentially motivated as a survival strategy. This dichotomy of interests between the keeper and the kept has plagued modern corrections for decades and to this day is a predominantly destructive force in our institutions. It was during this period that we refer to the use of imprisonment not “as punishment” but rather “for punishment.”

Notes:

diminish– уменьшаться

secularization– секуляризация, отделение

confine– ограничение; разграничение, граница

duetoobjections– согласно протестам

excess– нарушение закона, произвол

raw– неопытный, несовершенный

counter-development– тюремное новообразование

toplague– досаждать, мешать

dichotomy– дихотомия (последовательное деление целого на две части или на два противопоставляемых друг другу подкласса и т. п.) 2) (противопоставление двух объектов)