11. Complex object

Ex. 1. Translate into Russian paying special attention to Complex object:

1. The Greek philosopher Thales believed water to be the basic form of matter. 2. We think the atom to be held together by the forces of attraction and repulsion. 3. We consider electricity to have always been associated with the forces acting between objects. 4. We know the early ideas about the nature of matter to have been based upon the conception of matter as a continuous mass. 5. Democritus believed all changes from one sort of matter to another to be associated with the combination and separation of the atoms. 6. We want the theory to give a satisfactory explanation of experimental facts. 7. The alchemists wanted to change all sorts of common metals into gold. 8. One cannot see electric current flow. 9. It is the forces of repulsion that make free electrons spread themselves throughout a piece of metal. 10. To make a piece of matter move we have to come in physical contact with it. 11. One expects phonons to be strongly scattered at the boundaries, as indeed they are. 12. By 1933 scientists knew 17 pure elements and over 53 alloys and compounds to be superconducting. 13. We expect all the students without exception to take an examination in English at the end of the term. 14. They consider the plan to be realizable. 15. Physicists consider regularity to be the most characteristic feature of crystalline solids.

Ex. 2. Rewrite these sentences using Complex object:

Model: We believe that all bodies radiate heat. – We believe all bodies to radiate heat.

1. We know that black is a good absorber of the sun’s radiant heat. 2. We think that all their observers agree with each other. 3. Everybody knows that the South Pole is in darkness for many months. 4. We expect that the temperature at the earth’s surface will drop. 5. They believe that the maximum solar radiation is in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. 6. We consider that motion in the atmosphere is initiated by unequal heating. 7. We know that the sun shines on half of the Earth’s surface. 8. We expect that the greatest amount of solar radiation is received where the sun’s rays strike perpendicularly. 9. We understand that the circulation of air is altered by the earth’s rotation from west to east about its polar axis. 10. We see how they work.

12. Complex subject

Ex.1. Translate into Russian paying special attention to Complex subject:

1. Light is proved to travel in straight lines. 2. Light intensity proves to be measurable. 3. The speed of light in free space is proved to be a measured constant. 4. This property seems to refer to a restricted number of materials. 5. The property appears to have been mentioned frequently in the past. 6. They are likely to be familiar with this phenomenon. 7. The sum is assumed to provide an appropriate solution to the problem.

Ex. 2. Rewrite these sentences using Complex Subject:

Model: These particles are electrical in nature (to seem). These particles seem to be electrical in nature.

1. Radiant heat rays are electromagnetic waves (to know). 2. Electron is a constituent of all sorts of atoms (to be certain). 3. The body has become charged with electricity (to say). 4. Electricity will flow along the wires (to know). 5. The scientist was interested in the problem of atomic structure (to suppose). 6. The scientists examined the tracks of the particles (to appear). 7. The substances through which electrons cannot flow act as barrier to electron movement (to be likely). 8. A piece of metal to human eyes is solid (to seem). 9. The earth is electrically neutral (to suppose). 10. The core of the atom is very hard (to prove). 11. The current changes its direction (to be unlikely).

Ex. 3. Replace Complex object with Complex Subject.

Model: We know the Earth to be moving. – The Earth is known to be moving.

1. Empedocles thought earth, water, air and fire to be the four basic ingredients of all forms of matter. 2. Aristotle suggested “ether” to be the essential material of the sun. 3. Plato and Aristotle considered the four elements of Empedocles to be “quintessence” rather than elementary forms of matter. 4. We know the old “quintessence” theory of the Greeks to have increased its influence on scientific thought during the Middle Ages. 5. We know the attempts to have been made to change all sorts of common metals into gold. 6. We believe the existence of certain elementary materials to have been established during the XVIII century. 7. Mosley found each element (when it is bombarded with cathode rays) to emit X-rays of characteristic wave-lengths.