Peyton Ondeo-Nalco Fuel Field Manual

364
Index terms		Links
Ash from petroleum products	199
Asphaltenes:
description	35
incompatibility problems	124
influence on pour point	204
influence on sediment	207
in marine fuels	63	124
in visbreaking	10
Assessing fuel stability, oxygen overpressure	180
ASTM D-86:
to detect contamination of fuel by lubricating oil	205
to detect high molecular weight components	208
to detect high viscosity components	205	208
to detect low viscosity components	206
to help resolve combustion quality problems	265
to identify gasoline T-90 limits	135
to predict deposit forming tendency	207
to predict diesel low temperature problems	191
to predict fuel sediment problems	208	265
to predict kerosene flame height problems	208
ASTM D-97	188	193 201
ASTM D-130	181	216
ASTM D-381	176
ASTM D-396	57
ASTM D-482	199
ASTM D-525	175
ASTM D-613	99	195
ASTM D-664	199
ASTM D-665	183
ASTM D-873	199
ASTM D-910	49
ASTM D-975	57

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365

Index terms		Links
ASTM D-1094	50	184
ASTM D-1319	197	207	215
ASTMD-1401	185
ASTM D-1500	177
ASTM D-2274	142	179
ASTM D-2276	74	215
ASTM D-2500	189
ASTM D-2624	200
ASTM D-2699	39
ASTM D-2700	39	48
ASTM D-3120	197
ASTM D-3227	197
ASTM D-3703	199
ASTM D-3948	186
ASTM D-4176	187
ASTM D-4539	87	191
ASTM D-4625	179
ASTM D-4814	175	181
ASTM D-5304	142	180
ASTM D-5500	47
ASTM D-5598	47
ASTM D-6468	178
Atmospheric distillation	6
Autoignition:
in cetane engine	195
of diesel fuel	96
early ignition	130
effect of cetane improver	99
important factors	260
Auxochromic groups	104
Aviation fuel additives	52

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366
Index terms		Links
Aviation fuel grades	50
Aviation gasoline, properties	48
Aviation turbine fuel (see Jet fuel)
B
Ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator	118	125 165
Basic forms, of corrosion	156
β-oxidation	146
β-scission	16
Biobor JF	53
Biodiesel:
blends	304
cetane number	305
demulsibility	304
lubricity	304
performance properties	304
raw materials	304
Biogas	282
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)	72
Biomass:
anaerobic digestion	281
ethanol from	279
fermentation	279
oil extraction from	285
products	278
raw materials	278
thermal conversion	283
use	278
Black smoke	125
Blue smoke	108
Blue water gas	271
BMW	47	163

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367

Index terms		Links
BOCLE (see Ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator)
Boron, as a fuel contaminant	110
Boundary lubrication	165
Brass, types of	224
Breakpoint, of gasoline	175
British admiralty pour point test	194
Bronze, types of	225
BTU ratings per pound	321
Bunker fuel	58	62	67
Burner fuel, properties	65
Butylene oxide	146
C
C factor	159
Calcium:
chloride	29
in crude oil	39
in engine oil	108
salt formation with corrosion inhibitor	74
salts in unwashed and washed gums	177
in sea water	110
in tank bottom water	143
Calculated carbon aromaticity index (CCAI), of
marine fuels	63
Calculated ignition index (CII), of marine fuels	63
Carbazoles effect on fuel color	104
Carbon-carbon reactions, formation of soot	128
Carbon deposits	15	131
Carbon dioxide, from fuel refining	26
Carbon residue	60	259
Carbon steel	219
Carburetor and fuel injector detergents	163

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368
Index terms		Links
Carburetor icing	82
Catalyst fines:
description	108
effect on fuel quality and performance	108
Catalyst poisons	18	22
Catalysts:
alkylation	22	74	209
combustion	161
deactivation by metals	32	38
fines in marine fuel	63	69
in fuel degradation	141	179
hydrocracking	18
hydrotreating	17
reforming	20
sweetening	27
Catalytic hydrocracking	18
Catalytic polymerization	19
Catalytic reforming	20
Caustic:
in acid removal	74	258
carryover	74	185	210 215
effect on acidic corrosion inhibitor	231
effect on copper	223
in emulsification	144
in fuel sweetening	160
processing of light straight run gasoline	40
role in filter plugging	169	216
to improve induction time	268
to remove existent gum	267
to remove sulfuric acid	216
treatment of FCC propane-butane	11
use in ASTM D-1094 testing	184

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369

Index terms		Links
Caustic (Continued)
use in naphthenic acid removal	215
washing, as a refining process	25	27
Centrifuge sludge, due to asphaltene incompatibility	124
n-Cetane (see Cetane number)
Cetane engine reference fuels	101
Cetane improver:
compatibility with elastomers	172
concentration in federal diesel fuel oil	98
description	160
effect on carbon number	132
effect on stability test results	172
realistic performance	97
Cetane index	59	96 123
Cetane number	58
determination	96
high sulfur/low sulfur difference	57
low	269
reproducibility	99
CFPP (see Cold filter plugging point)
Chemical oxygen demand	72
Chemical storage tanks	230
Chemistry of demulsifiers and dehazers	146
Chromium:
in crude oil	39
engine parts containing	109
in steel	221
Chromophoric groups	104
Cladosporium resinae	105
Clarified oil	11
Clay filtration:
of jet fuel	52	214

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370
Index terms		Links
Clay filtration (Continued)
to remove color bodies	207	269
to remove copper	215
to remove existent gum	267
Clostridia	106
Cloud point improver	87	171 213
Cloud point of petroleum products, test method	189
Cloud point reduction	87
Cloudy or hazy due to low temperature	80
Coal:
direct liquefaction process:
Exxon donor solvent	277
Fischer-Tropsch	274
H-coal	276
Solvent refined coal	277
gasification process:
above ground	272
BASF process	273
methanol from	273
product yield	272
reactions	274
schematic	273
Texaco/Koppers-Totzek	273
underground	272
indirect liquefaction process:
Mobil M	276
properties	271
Coal gas	271
Coal gasification:
above ground process	272
process diagram	273
products	272

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371

Index terms		Links
Coal gasification (Continued)
underground process	272
reactions	274
Coal liquefaction:
catalysts	275
development	274
during World War II	274
processes	274
products	275
Sasol process	275
Coalescence:
electrostatic	29
in fuel demulsification	145
Cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo)	17
COD (see Chemical oxygen demand)
Coefficient of expansion	75
Coker gas oil:
effect on carbon number	131
production	23
role in fuel stability	208
specific gravity influence	257
Coking, in refining	23
Cold filter plugging point	89	93 189
antagonism by cloud point improver	171
as a filter plugging test method	87
to identify wax related problems	201
reduction by kerosene	89
test method	189
Cold flow improvers (see Wax crystal modifiers)
Cold weather engine starting	133
Cold weather engine warm-up	133
Colloidal ferric hydroxide	73	154

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372
Index terms		Links
Colonial pipeline haze rating	187
Color bodies	26	28	83	103
	117	207
Color change, effect of distillate fuel stabilizer	143
Combustion chamber:
deposits:
effect of alkyl antiknock compounds on	120
effect of fuel sulfur on	60	118
effect of low speed on	118
effect on octane number requirement	42
in gasoline engines	47
influence on cylinder
temperature and pressure	130
effect of cold temperature on	82
fuel vaporization in	94
injection of fuel into	240
oil leakage into	108
poor mixing of fuel in	260
pressure	130
on piston ring	134
sources of	162	265
Components used to prepare gasoline blends	40
Condensed aromatics, and combustion chamber
deposits	47
Condensed water	81
Contaminants from refining processes	26
Copper, engine parts containing	109
Copper alloys	223
Copper chloride sweetening	27
Copper corrosion	17	160	181	216
	268
Copper mercaptide	268

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373

Index terms		Links
Copper strip tarnish test	181
Copper sulfide	116	159 216
Corrosion chemistry	153
Corrosion inhibiting properties of fuel stabilizers	140
Corrosion inhibitor	152
in jet fuel	53
salts	74	216
use in system containing rust	158
Corrosion of aluminum	227
Corrosion rate of steel	154
Cracked gasoline	40
Cracking:
by catalytic hydrocracking	18
by coking	24
by fluid catalytic cracking	10
fuel contaminants from	26
of metal under hotspots	60
prevention by vacuum distillation	7
stress cracking corrosion of steel	157	222
by thermal cracking	9
by visbreaking	10
Cresols, effect of exposure to light	84
Crevice corrosion	156
Crude oil:
asphaltenes	35
assay	31
composition	33
compounds affecting fuel color	207
hydrocarbons	33
nitrogen in	38
metals in	38
oxygen in	38

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