Peyton Ondeo-Nalco Fuel Field Manual

374
Index terms		Links
Crude oil (Continued)
pour point reversion	93	204
pour point testing	193
refining	5
residual fuel components	66
shipping information	244
sulfur	37	254
wax	85
Crystallization of antioxidants	168
Cummins L-10	165
Cupronickel alloys	224
Cyclohexyl nitrate	160
Cyclone	11
Cycloparaffins	20	33
D
Daimler-Benz 2.3L M 102E	163
Darkening of refined fuels	207
Debutanizer	21
Dehazing	144
Dehydrocyclization	20
Dehydrogenation	9	20
Delayed coking	23
Demulsification	144
Demulsifiers and dehazers	144
Deposit analysis	261
Deposits in combustion chamber	265
Deposits in fuel systems	162
Desalting	5
Desulfomonas	106	146
Desulfotomaculum	106
Desulfovibrio	106	146

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375

Index terms		Links
Desulfurization	6	18
Detergent:
additive use	45	161	264
interaction with demulsifiers	75	144	170
testing in engines	47
Diaphragm pump	235
Diaromatic and polyaromatic compounds, lubricity
effect	125
Dibrominated proprionamide	148
Diesel fuel:
additive related problems	169
appearance testing	187
aromatics	120	124
carbon number	131
cetane:
engine testing	96	195
improver	97	160	172
index	96	123
number	96	121
cloud point	87	189
cold filter plugging point	89	189
cold temperature problems	79
color degradation	207
combustion	259	263
compared to biodiesel fuel	304
components:
from catalytic hydrocracking	18
from distillation	7
from fluid catalytic cracking	11
copper corrosion testing	181
density:
and effect on BTU rating	206
and fuel consumption	122

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376
Index terms		Links
Diesel fuel (Continued)
deposits	79	158
detergents	161
emissions compared to other fuels, from oil sand
processing	294
emulsification problems	73	145
filter plugging point testing	189
filters	237
in fuel water emulsions	306
grades	56
hot restart problems	115
ignition delay	99
injection pump sticking	169
injection pumps	238
low temperature flow test	191
LTFT reduction	90
lubricity	117	125
lubricity improver and testing	165
marine	61
naphthenes	33
paraffins and cetane number	126
pour point testing	188
power loss	205
pour point reduction	88
properties	58
pumpability testing	192
pumping problems	201
sediment formation	264
smoke	108	125 128
stabilizer:
composition	140
federal	142
naval distillate	142

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377

Index terms		Links
Diesel fuel (Continued)
startability	134
sulfur combustion	116
sulfur related problems	254
tests to determine filter plugging tendency	87
from vegetable oil	285
viscosity related problems	111	253	257
volumetric fuel consumption	122
warmup	133
water reaction testing	184
wax	87	127
wax crystal modifiers	91	171
wax crystal modifier problems	149
Diester-alphaolefin copolymers	149
Diethyleneglycol monomethylether (DEGME)	187
Dimersol process	20
Dimethyl ether:
as alternative fuel	305
as ignition improver	306
from Mobil M process	276
Diolefins	26	162	214
N,N’-disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine	141
N,N’-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine	137	141
Dispersant, property of distillate fuel stabilizer	140
Disperse wax	202
Distillate fuel degradation	140
Distillate fuel stability, testing for	177
Distillate fuel stabilizers	140	172	207
Distillation:
atmospheric	5
fractional	31
fuel properties determined by	133

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378
Index terms		Links
Distillation (Continued)
profile to predict performance	59	199	259
of residual fuel	70
vacuum	6
Distributor pump or rotary fuel pump	238
Disulfides	119
Disulfovibrio	105
DuPont F21 stability test	178
Dyes	45
E
EGME (see Ethyleneglycol monomethylether)
Elastomer compatibility, with cetane improver	172
Elastomer degradation	117
Elastomers	46	123	229
Electrical conductivity	52	54	257
Electrical service	237
Elemental sulfur	119	159	181	216
Emissions	47	60	64	133
Emulsification:
of additives in jet fuel, testing for	213
due to cloud point improver	213
due to naphthenic acid salts	144	208
of polar organic compounds	212
problem sources	143
testing	183
Emulsions:
created by caustic carryover	74
in crude oil	5
due to lubricating oil	213
due to microorganisms	212
due to polar organic compounds	212

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379

Index terms		Links
Emulsions (Continued)
prevention by demulsifiers	145
resolving and preventing	266
stabilized by organic acids	258
Engine efficiency, effect of intake air temperature	76
Engine oil contamination, of fuel	108
Engine tests	47
Enjay fluidity	87	191
EPA registration, of biocides in U.S.	147
Epoxide	146
Ethanol:
compatibility with materials	299
electrical conductivity	299
fuel:
autoignition	301
compared to methanol	302
exhaust emissions	300
fuel	300
grades	298
octane number	301
piston ring wear	301
vapor pressure	301
history as a fuel	298
motor octane number	301
production from biomass	279
production from ethylene	298
research octane number	301
Ethylene oxide	146
Ethylene vinylacetate (EVA)	91	149
Ethyleneglycol monomethylether (EGME)	51	53 187
2-Ethylhexyl nitrate	160
physical properties	161

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380
Index terms		Links
EVA (see Ethylene vinylacetate)
Exhaust emissions	47	297	303	307
Exhaust odor	116
Exhaust valve seat wear	120
Existent gum	44	46	176	267
Existent gum in fuels by jet evaporation	176
Exxon donor solvent process	277
F
Fatty acid type corrosion inhibitor, structure	158
Fatty acids, from fuel refining	26
Fatty amines	165
FCC (see Fluid catalytic cracking)
Federal diesel fuel oil	142
Fermentation:
bacteria	28
by anaerobic digestion	281
cellulose hydrolysis	280
diagram	290
enzymes	279
of cellulose	280
of corn	280
of starch	279
process diagram	281
products	279
to produce ethanol	279
yeast	279	281
Ferric hydroxide	73	106	154
Ferric oxide	154
Ferrous hydroxide	154
Ferrous ions	153

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				381
Index terms		Links
Ferrous metal corrosion	73	153	182	210
	266
FeS	106	119	156
15:5 Distillation	31
Film forming	157	169
Filming inhibitors	157
Filter plugging:
by corrosion inhibitor salts	158	169
by detergent emulsions	144
by fuel wax	90	149	189	201
by jet fuel particulates	215
by microorganisms	106
by organic salts and emulsion	73
by pipeline rouge (rust)	169
by sediment in marine fuel	64
Filters, diesel fuel	237
Filtration, in fuel refining	29
Finishing processes	25
Fischer-Tropsch:
catalysts	275
diesel fuel	276
fuel	275
process	273
reactions	275
Flexicoking	25	277
Flowmeters	235
Fluid catalytic cracking	10
Fluid coking	25
Fluorenes effect on fuel color	105
Forging brass	224
Free radical:
inhibition by antioxidants	137

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382
Index terms		Links
Free radical (Continued)
light activated reactions	83
oxidation	101	117
in thermal cracking reactions	9
Fuel efficiency:
effect of cetane number	100
effect of viscosity	64	111 253
Fuel filterability	189
Fuel gas	7
Fuel induced deposits	162
Fuel injection timing, possible effect on smoke and
hydrocarbon emissions	100
Fuel odor	118	197
Fuel oil:
biocides	146
burner applications	64
federal stabilizer for	142
grades	56
heating value loss	133
properties	58
marine	61
residual	66
viscosity limits	112
Fuel storage and transportation system corrosion	73
Fuel sulfur:
effect on catalytic converter	120
effect on combustion chamber deposits	118
effect on combustion system corrosion	116
effect on diesel fuel lubricity	117
effect on exhaust odor	116
effect on lead antiknock compounds	120
Fuel sweetening additives	160

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383

Index terms		Links
Fuel system icing inhibitor, in jet fuel	53
Fuel viscosity:
effect of cold temperature on	81
effect of high viscosity	111
effect of low viscosity	114
effect on atomization	113
effect on burner, fuel performance	65
effect on filling of fuel pump	111
effect on fuel combustion	205
effect on kerosene flame height	113
effects	253	257
problem solutions and preventions	263
relationship to diesel fuel IBP and EP	202
Fuel volatility, effect of low temperature	82
Fuel-water emulsions	305
Fugitive emissions	47
G
Gallionella	106
Galvanic corrosion	156
Galvanic series of metals and alloys	333
Gas oil:
coker	23
as FCC feedstock	10
marine	62
in residual fuel	66	193
vacuum	7
Gas shift reaction	273
Gasohol	46
Gasoline:
additives	44
alkyl lead antiknock compounds	120

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