Английский методичка (Жаровская)

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подготовку бакалавров

20.(n.) Bachelor (LLB) / undergraduate − бакалавр

21.Master of Laws (LLM) − магистр права

22.(n.) degree − степень

23.(n.) apprenticeship − обучение, учение, срок учения, период обучения

24.Doctor of Jurisprudence (Jurist Doctor) − доктор юридических наук

25.(n.) submission подчинение, повиновение, покорность, послушание, представление, подача документов

26.government counsel − адвокат правительства; обвинитель (в федеральном суде)

27.corporate in-house counsel – внутренний адвокат компании

28.law professor (academic lawyer) − преподаватель юриспруденции

29.(n.) politician − политик

30.(v.) be constrained – быть вынужденным (делать что-л.)

Exercise 6. Read and translate the underlined words. Then read and translate the text.

Legal professions

A lawyer is a person learned in the law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization.

In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work. As for solicitors they deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills.

The path to becoming a lawyer in the United States usually involves completing a four-year college program, demonstrating strong academic skills, taking the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), completing law school (usually a three-year program), and passing a state-administered bar examination. The rules for eligibility to take the bar and to qualify for bar admission are set by each state. However, to receive a license to practice law, one must be a graduate of a law school that meets certain standards, and one must achieve a passing score on the bar examination.

There are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts. The educational requirements to become a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master of Laws (LLM) degree.

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In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Jurist Doctor / Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner's law degree. However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research.

The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).

In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.

VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

Exercise 7. Find the English equivalents for the following word combinations and expressions in the text:

консультировать клиентов по вопросам права

выполнять все виды юридической работы

солиситоры и барристеры

сдавать квалификационные экзамены

право преподается на юридическом факультете

университетский колледж, готовящий бакалавров

степень магистра

добиваться получения степени бакалавра

тeст, сдаваемый для поступления в юридический колледж

присвоить ученую степень доктора юриспруденции (США)

защита диссертации

научноисследовательская работа

учебная практика

ученичество, место начального практического обучения

штатный юрисконсульт компании

страны общего права (англо-саксонской системы права)

страны романо-германской (континентальной) системы права

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What is a lawyer?

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2.What is so special in legal profession in England?

3.What is the difference between solicitors and barristers?

4.What have you learned about educational requirements to those who want to become a lawyer?

5.What degrees can you obtain at the university?

6.What degree is awarded in the USA?

7.What have you learned about methods and quality of legal education in different countries?

8.What kind of options do lawyers have in common law countries?

9.Why is career mobility constrained in civil law countries?

10.What can lawyers do besides private practice?

Exercise 9. Match the words to make up the word combinations and translate them. Make up some sentences with these words.

1.	to take	a. the clients
2.	to deal with	b. the practice of law
3.	to draw up	c. the right of audience
4.	to make	d. court
5.	to have	e. the practice environment
6.	to go to	f. legal matters
7.	to engage in	g. legal arrangements
8.	to advise on	h. contracts
9.	to depend on	i. legal advice
10.on behalf of		j. a range of legal work

Exercise 10. Read the definitions and match them with the words in the box.

1.Dissertation. 2. Master’sdegree (LLM). 3. Jurist doctor degree (JD). 4. Doctor of Philosophy (PH.D). 5. Solicitor. 6. A bachelor (an undergraduate). 7. Common Law. 8. CivilLaw. 9.

Bachelor’s degree (LLB). 10. Barrister.

1.Law developed by judges through decisions of courts is _________________

2.The degree awarded to an individual upon the successful completion of law school is

__________________

3.An academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for

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three or four years is ___________________

4.A lawyer who traditionally deals with any legal matter including conducting proceedings in courts is _____________________

5.An academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice is

___________________

6.A legal system inspired by Roman law is _______________

7.A postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities is___________

8.A member of one of two classes of lawyers found in many common law jurisdictions with split legal professions specializing in courtroom advocacy, drafting legal pleadings and giving expert legal opinions is ______________

9.A long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a Ph.D. (= high university degree) is _______________

10.A student who is studying for their first degree at college or university is

_____________.

Exercise 11. Give the difinitions to the following words. Use the explanatory dictionary.

1.Prosecutor ________________________________________________

2.Government counsel ________________________________________

3.Corporate in-house counsel ___________________________________

4.Judge ____________________________________________________

5.Arbitrator _________________________________________________

6.Law professor _____________________________________________

7.Politician _________________________________________________

8.Solicitor _____________________________________________ ____

9.Attorney _________________________________________________

10.Notary __________________________________________________

Exercise 12. Retell the text “Legal profession”.

Exercise 13. Read the text and replace the Russian words in brackets with their English quivalents.

A number of law schools have (учебную практику) in which students (приобретают) legal experience through practice (судебные процессы) and projects (под руководством) of practicing (юристов) and law school (факультета). Law school (учебная практика) may include work in (юридических консультациях), for example on the staff of legislative committees. School graduates receive the (степень доктора юриспруденции) as the first professional (ученую степень). Advanced law (ученые степени) may be desirable for those planning to specialize, (заниматься научно-исследовательской работой), or teach. Some law students (добиваются получения) joint degree programs, which usually (требуют) an additional semester or year of study. (Совместные образовательные программы) are offered in a number of areas, including (право) and business administration or (государственное управление).

Exercise 14. Translate the text into English.

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ВАнглии есть два типа юристов - солиситоры и барристеры. Барристер - это юрист, который ведет судебные дела, выступает в суде, готовит документы для суда и т.д. Солиситоры после 1990 года тоже получили право выступать в суде, если у них есть специальный сертификат.

ВАнглии в 2008 году было 112,2 тысяч солиситоров и около 16,5 тысяч барристеров.

С1997 по 2008 год количество юристов в Англии увеличилось более чем на 50%.

Для того, чтобы стать солиситором нужно иметь юридическое образование. Это либо бакалавр права в Англии (3 года) (LLB), либо бакалавр в какой-либо другой области плюс годичный интенсивный курс профильного образования, который называется (GDL - Graduate Diploma in Law).

Кроме юридического образования ннеобходимо получить контракт на прохождение практики в юридической фирме (training contract). В течение двух лет надо проработать в 4 разных департаментах по 6 месяцев в каждом. Получить образование в Англии относительно легко. Что действительно сложно, так это получение контракта на прохождение практики потому, что в хорошие фирмы конкуренция составляет около 20-40 человек на место.

DISCUSSION

Exercise 1. Let’s discuss the problems (work in small groups).

1.A television advertisement shows a lawyer in a bathing suit coming out of a lake. He says,

“If you’re in over your head because of bad debts, let us bail you out. We’re the best firm in the state.” Should there be any restrictions on ads like this? If so, what? Should there be other restrictions on ads? If so, what should they be?

2.A lawyer hears that many people have been injured as a result of accidents in a particular type of car. He runs a newspaper ad showing a car crash. The ad reads, “If this happens to you, I may be able to help you recover your losses.” Should the lawyer be able to do this?

3.Many people in a city have lost their jobs and could lose their homes because they cannot make their monthly mortgage payments. Jane, a lawyer, writes to all of them saying she is willing to represent them to prevent the loss of their homes. Should she be allowed to do this?

Exercise 2. Briefly scan the text and perform the exercise 3.

The Car Crash

On April 1, Al and his friend Marie were driving along Sixth Street, returning home from a party. Al had stopped at a red light at the corner of Sixth Street and Florida Avenue when a 2004 Buick hit his car from behind. Al’s 2006 Volvo was smashed in as far as the back seat. Al suffered a severe neck injury, four broken ribs, and many cuts and bruises. As a result, he spent three weeks in the hospital. Al’s passenger, Marie, was also severely injured. She suffered a fractured skull, facial and numerous other cuts, a broken right arm and hip, and internal bleeding. Marie, an accountant making $65,000 a year, spent 6 weeks in the hospital and returned to work after 12 weeks. She had to take 10 weeks of unpaid leave from work. Her insurance covered all but $5,000 of her medical bills. Fred, the driver of the Buick, suffered minor cuts on his face and arm and was released from the hospital after 24 hours. Fred was given a ticket for speeding and reckless driving.

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Fred’s insurance company has offered Marie a $4,500 settlement. She is uncertain whether she should accept and decides to consult an attorney. After checking with a lawyer referral service, she is referred to a local attorney.

Exercise 3. Role-play the initial attorney-client interview between Marie and the attorney. Persons role-playing the attorney should attempt to ask all the questions an attorney should ask at this point. Persons role-playing the client should provide the attorney with all necessary information and ask all those questions that are relevant to Marie’s case and that relate to whether she should retain the attorney.

Exercise 4. The following situations present ethical dilemmas faced by attorneys. Examine each case, and then decide whether the attorney acted ethically or unethically. Explain your answers.

1.Marta, an attorney for the family of a man killed in an auto accident, visits a bar and runs into a juror in the case. She has a drink with the juror.

2.Nicholas, a criminal defense attorney, puts his client on the stand to testify to her innocence, even though Nicholas knows she is lying.

3.Gene, a corporate lawyer, is asked by a wealthy client to recommend her son for admission to the state bar. Gene says yes.

4.Rosa represents a man injured by a defective lawn mower. The manufacturer’s insurance company offers a $100,000 settlement. She accepts the settlement without consulting her client.

5.Nang, an attorney, has a trial next week before Judge DeSilva. Nang se

es the judge in a grocery store and asks her if the trial can be postponed one week.

Exercise 5. Several different words can be used to refer to a lawyer. Listen to three law students in the UK talking about the kind of work they would like to do when they have completed their law studies. Write the correct word for lawyer in the gaps.

Anna: So, what are you two planning to do later when you've completed your degree?

Daniel: Well, right now, I'm planning to become a 1)___________ , because I'd really like to plead cases in court.

Anna: You've been watching too many of those American films. when the handsome young 2)

___________ wins the case against the big. bad corporation!

Daniel: Very funny. I just like the idea of arguing a case. I think it’d be exciting. What about you? Anna: Actually, I’d like to work for a big corporation and advise them on their legal affairs, as 3)

_____________ . I've heard the work can be very challenging. What are your plans, Jacob? Jacob: I'm thinking about becoming a 4) _____________ . I'm not that interested in pleading cases in

court. I'd rather do research and give legal advice. I think that'd suit me better.

Exercise 6. Discuss the questions:

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1.Does your native language have more than one word for lawyer?

Do they correspond to the different English words for lawyer mentioned above? If not how do the concepts differ?

2.What is each type of legal practitioner in your jurisdiction entitled to do?

3.What English term do you use to describe your job or the job you would like to do?

Exercise 7. Combine the nouns in the box with the verbs below to make word combinations to describe the work lawyers do. Some of the verbs go with more than one noun.

1. advise	a.	legislation
2. draft	b.	disputes
3. litigate	c.	decisions
4. practise	d.	corporations
5. represent	e.	defendants
6. research	f.	law
	g.	cases
	h.	clients
	i.	contracts

Exercise 8. Choose three 'verb + noun' pairs from the exercise above and write your own sentences with them.

Exercise 9. Choose the words from the list which can be combined with the word “lawyer” to describe different types of lawyers. Say what each one does.

Bar, corporate, defence, public-sector, sole, government, tax, trial, patent, practitioner.

Exercise 10. Compare the following degrees.

University Degrees	high / low	popular	honorable
Bachelor’s Degree, (LLB)
Master’s Degree (LLM)
Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD)
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)

Exercise 11. Retell the text “Legal professions“ (see exercise 7).

Exercise 12. Comment on the expression: “If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers”.

Exercise 13. Prepare the reports: describe the legal work in Russia, Great Britain and the United States in a form of a monologue of 20-25 senteces.

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UNIT 2. LEGAL SKILLS

WORD BUILDING. Suffix –able

An adjectival suffix; forms adjectives meaning:

able to be; fit to be.

movable: able to be moved

amendable, able to be amended

breakable: liable to be broken

blamable, fit to be blamed

salable, fit to be sold

relevant to or suitable to, in accordance with.

fashionable relevant to fashion

seasonable suitable to season

giving, or inclined to.

pleasurable giving pleasure

peaceable inclined to peace

subject to.

reportable subject to be reported

taxable subject to be taxed

due to be.

payable due to pay

A number of adjectives in -able come from verbs that do not have direct objects, but that rather are construed with prepositions. In these cases, the preposition does not appear with the adjective in - able; hence, reliable (“fit to being relied on”), laughable (“suited for laughing at”), remarkable (“fit to be remarked upon”),

Traditionally, verbs ending in unstressed -ate drop this suffix before adding -able; hence, communicable (“able to be communicated”), eradicable (“possible to eradicate”), and so on.

There are cases where a word with un- -able is much more common than one with just -able, such as unbreakable, unsinkable, and untouchable.

Exercise 1. Paraphrase the phrases, using adjectives with suffix-able and translate these words.

Model: 1. that can be prevented — preventable.

That can be drunk; that can be checked; that can be pronounced; that can be understood; that can be broken; that can be controlled; that can be washed, that can be questioned, that can be prevented, that can be arrested, that can be read.

VOCABULARY AND READING EXERCISES

Exercise 2. Read the words correctly and translate them.

Responsibility [rɪˌspɔn(t)sə'bɪlətɪ], core [kɔː], function ['fʌŋkʃ(ə)n], excel [ɪk'sel], competitive

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[kəm'petɪtɪv], Communication [kəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n], fundamental [ˌfʌndə'ment(ə)l], convey [kən'veɪ], concise [kən'saɪs], logical ['lɔʤɪk(ə)l], persuade [pə'sweɪd], persuasive [pə'sweɪsɪv], terminology [ˌtɜːmɪ'nɔləʤɪ], correspondence [ˌkɔrɪ'spɔndən(t)s], integral ['ɪntɪgr(ə)l], function ['fʌŋkʃ(ə)n], stylistic [staɪ'lɪstɪk], mechanical [mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l], aspect ['æspekt], cause [kɔːz], prose [prəuz], motion ['məuʃ(ə)n], memo ['meməu], vacuum ['vækjuːm], honestly ['ɔnɪstlɪ], capably ['keɪpəblɪ], assimilate [ə'sɪmɪleɪt], efficient [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt], authority [ɔː'θɔrɪtɪ], inference ['ɪnf(ə)r(ə)n(t)s], workloadsb['wɜːkləud], organization [ˌɔːg(ə)naɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n], structure ['strʌkʧə], evaluate [ɪ'væljueɪt], argument ['ɑːgjəmənt], inductive [ɪn'dʌktɪv], deductive [dɪ'dʌktɪv], conclusion [kən'kluːʒ(ə)n], concept ['kɔnsept], judicial [ʤuː'dɪʃ(ə)l], statute ['stætjuːt], expert ['ekspɜːt], knowledge ['nɔlɪʤ], master ['mɑːstə], substantive ['sʌbst(ə)ntɪv], procedure [prə'siːʤə], billable [ˈbɪləbl], hour [auə], productivity [ˌprɔdʌk'tɪvətɪ], constant ['kɔn(t)stənt], pressure ['preʃə].

Vocabulary

2.in scope – в пределах (возможностей, знаний)

3.(n.) responsibility − ответственность (за что-л.)

4.core legal skills − основные юридические навыки

5.a career in the law – карьера в области права

6.(v.) excel – преуспеть, превосходить

7.competitive legal market – конкурентный рынок юридических услуг

8.Oral Communication −_ устное общение

9.fundamental tool –основное средство

10.(v.) convey information – излагать (передавать) информацию

11.in a clear, concise, and logical manner − ясно, кратко и логично.

12.(v.) communicate persuasively − говорить убедительно

13.(v.) advocate a position or a cause – отстаивать позицию или довод

14.(v.) master legal terminology – владеть юридической терминологией

15.(v.) develop keen listening skills – развивать тонкий слух

16.written Communication _ письменное общение

17.correspondence − переписка

18.(v.) draft complex legal documents − разрабатывать сложные правовые документы

19.integral − неотъемлемый, существенный, целый

20.(v.) master the fundamentals of grammar − владеть основами грамматики

21.(n.) motion - мотив

22.(n.) briefs − краткое письменное изложение дела с привлечением фактов и документов,

скоторым сторона выступает в суде

23.(n.) memo – деловая записка

24.(n.) resolution – резолюция, решение, постановление

25.legal agreement – правовое соглашение

26.Client Service – обслуживание клиентов

27.client-focused legal industry – юридическая отрасль промышленности, ориентированная на клиента

28.(adj.) capablе − способный

29.(adj.) crucial – наиболее значительный, решающий, важный

30.Analytical and Logical Reasoning − Аналитическое и логическое мышление

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31.(v.) assimilate large volumes of complex information − усваивать большие объемы сложной информации

32.in an efficient and effective manner − действенным и эффективным образом

33.(v.) include − включать

34.(v.) review complex written documents – рассматривать сложные письменные документы

35.(v.) draw inferences – делать выводы

36.and making connections among legal authorities − устанавливать связи между органами правопорядка;

37.(v.) develop logical thinking – развивать логическое мышление

38.problem-solving abilities – способность решать проблемы

39.inductive and deductive reasoning – индуктивное и дедуктивное мышление

40.(v.) reach a conclusion – прийти к выводу

41.case law − прецедентное право

42.judicial opinion − мнение судьи, судебное заключение или решение, судебная практика

43.(n.) statute − устав, договор, соглашение, конвенция, закон, статут

44.voice messaging system − система передачи голосовых сообщений,

45.Substantive Law – материальное право

46.Legal Procedure − судопроизводство

47.Time Management − управление временем

48.billable hours – почасовая оплата

49.(v.) bill time – подсчитывать время (для оплаты труда)

50.(v.) manage large workloads − управлять большими нагрузками.

51.(v.) develop top-notch organizational skills – развивать первоклаасные организационные навыки

52.(n.) teamwork − работа в коллективе

53.solo practitioner – работающий в одиночку

54.(v.) rely on – полагаться на (что-л.)

55.support staff − обслуживающий персонал

56.team up with co-counsels, experts − объединиться с со-адвокатами, экспертами

57.(v.) deliver legal services – предоставлять юридические услуги

Exercise 3. Read and translate the underlined words and word combinations. Then read and translate the text.

Top ten legal skills

While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in today’s competitive legal market.

1. Oral Communication is one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must:

Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.

Communicate persuasively.