Английский методичка (Жаровская)

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in public places.

1.List the details that should be included.

2.Create a draft of the ordinance, using the guidelines for drafting laws.

3.Who would support your ordinance? Who would oppose it?

Drafting a Law Simulation

The harmful effects of cigarette smoking, both for smokers and for those nearby, continue to make headlines. In your town there is a discussion about prohibiting smoking in certain places. Opinion on this issue is divided. Some restaurant employees want to work in healthier, smoke-free environments. Some restaurant owners are concerned that no-smoking rules will harm their businesses and might result in a loss of jobs. Some citizens believe that smoking should be banned in all public places, including stores, restaurants, workplaces, and even outdoor spaces such as parks.

Still others believe that these restrictions go too far and intrude on the rights of people using a lawful product (cigarettes). They believe that economic forces, rather than government action, will bring the best results. Some restaurants, for example, will choose to be smoke-free in order to attract patrons who care about this issue.

Exercise 2. Describe the United Kingdom legislation.

Part 2. The British Constitution

WORD BUILDING. Suffix –en

The suffix -en (an] is used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives. The verb ended in-en denotes an action expressed by an ajective.

For example: Soft (мягкий) — to soften (смягчать); red (красный) — to redden (краснеть); black (черный) — to blacken (чернить, клеветать; чернеть, загорать); weak (слабый) — to weaken (слабеть, ослабевать); strength (сила) — to strengthen (усиливать(ся)); hard (твердый) — to harden (твердеть, закалять).

The suffix –en is used to form past participles from some words.

For example: to break – broken.

The suffix -en is also used to fom an adjective with the meaning “made of smth.”

(сделанный из чего-либо).

For example: wooden – деревянный, golden – золотой.

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Exercise 1. Read and translate the words:

Deafen, driven, brighten, lighten, proven, stricken, sicken, silken, smoken, broken, awoken.

VOCABULARY AND READING EXERCISES

Exercise 2. Read the words and practice their pronunciation. Translate the words.

European [ˌjuərə'piːən], [ˌjɔːrrə'piːən], unwritten [ʌn'rɪt(ə)n], doctrine ['dɔktrɪn], uncodified [ˌʌn 'kəudɪfaɪd], identified [aɪ'dentɪfaɪd], variety [və'raɪətɪ], statute ['stætjuːt], the Magna Carta [ˌðəˌmægnə'kɑːtə], doctrine ['dɔktrɪn], sovereignty ['sɔvr(ə)ntɪ], sovereign ['sɔv(ə)rɪn], assent [ə'sent], entirely [ɪn'taɪəlɪ], valid ['vælɪd], parliamentary [ˌpɑːlə'ment(ə)rɪ], significance [sɪg'nɪfɪkən(t)s], determine [dɪ'tɜːmɪn], accession [ək'seʃ(ə)n], supremacy [s(j)uː'preməsɪ], alone [ə'ləun], confidence ['kɔnfɪd(ə)n(t)s], possess [pə'zes], dissolve [dɪ'zɔlv], monarch ['mɔnək], Her Majesty's Government [hɜː 'mæʤəstɪs 'gʌv(ə)nmənt], resign [rɪ'zaɪn], unified ['juːnɪfaɪd], privy ['prɪvɪ], council ['kaun(t)s(ə)l], resort [rɪ'zɔːt].

Vocabulary

1.(p.) unwritten − неписаный; незаписанный, незафиксированный

2.(v.) refer to − направлять; отсылать (к кому-л. / чему-л.); обращаться (за помощью, советом и т. п.); относить, приписывать (какому-л. классу, периоду, течению и т. п.)

3.(p.) uncodified – некодифицированный

4.single document – единый документ

5.(n.) variety − многообразие, разнообразие; многосторонность (интересов, взглядов); отличие , множество

6.(n.) statute − закон, законодательный акт парламента; статут

7.the Magna Carta − Великая хартия вольностей (1215 г.)

8.the Act of Settlement − Акт о престолонаследии в Великобритании (1701 г.)

9.Acts of Parliament – акты парламента

10.(n.) convention − конвенция

11.case law − прецедентное право

12.(v.) decide / settle a case — вынести решение по делу

13.the English Civil War − гражданская война в Англии

14.the core principle − основной принцип

15.the doctrine − теория, доктрина; учение; теоретические взгляды

16.parliamentary sovereignty − парламентский суверенитет

17.the Royal Assent − Королевское Согласие

18.(v.) receive the approval of the Sovereign − получить одобрение монарха

19.(adj.) valid − действительный, имеющий силу; правомерный

20.European Union membership − Членство в Евросоюзе

21.the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty − доктрина парламентского суверенитета

22.(v.) have constitutional significance – иметь конституционное значение

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23.(n.) power − власть

24.(v.) determine − определять

25.(v.) retain − сохранять; удерживать

26.(v.) dissolve parliament − распускать парламент

27.(v.) change the structure – изменить структуру

28.(n.) accession − вступление (в должность)

29.the principle of the supremacy – принцип верховенства, верховной власти

30.(v.) possess − обладать

31.(n.) motion − мотивация, мотив, ходатайство

32.(no) confidence in the Government – (недоверие) доверие правительству

33.(n.) elections − выборы

34.(n.) misconduct − плохое поведение, плохое исполнение своих обязанностей; проявление халатности; должностное преступление

35.Her Majesty's Government – правительство Ее Величества

36.the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council − Судебный комитет Тайного совета

(высшая судебная инстанция для тех стран Британского Содружества, которые признают его юрисдикцию)

37.(v.) remain − оставаться

38.the court of last resort − суд последней инстанции

39.the House of Commons − Палата общин (нижняя палата британского парламента)

40.the House of Lords − Палата лордов (верхняя палата британского парламента)

Exercise 4. Read and translate the underlined words, word combinations and expressions. Then read and translate the text.

THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION

The British Constitution is unwritten unlike the constitution in America or the proposed European Constitution, and as such, is referred to as an uncodified constitution in the sense that there is no single document that can be identified as Britain's constitution. The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents. The main ones are: Statutes (the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Act of Settlement of 1701), Acts of Parliament; customs and traditions, political conventions, case law; constitutional matters decided in a court of law.

Since the English Civil War, the core principle of the British constitution has traditionally been the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, according to which the statutes passed by Parliament are the UK's supreme and final source of law. It follows that Parliament can change the constitution simply by passing new Acts of Parliament to to be followed by the Royal Assent. There is some debate about whether this principle remains entirely valid today, in part due to the UK's European Union membership.

According to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament may pass any legislation that it wishes. There are many Acts of Parliament which themselves have constitutional significance. For example, Parliament has the power to determine the length of its own term. However, the Sovereign retains the power to dissolve parliament at any time on the advice of the Prime Minister. Parliament also has the power to change the structure of its constituent houses and the relation between them.consists of the Sovereign, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. All the

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legislation must receive the approval of the Sovereign (Royal Assent). Following the accession of the UK to European Economic Community (now the European Union) in 1972, the UK became bound by European law and more importantly, the principle of the supremacy of European Union law. House of Commons alone possesses the power to pass a motion of no confidence in the Government, which requires the Government either to resign or seek fresh elections. Such a motion does not require passage by the Lords, or Royal Assent. Parliament traditionally also has the power to remove individual members of the government by impeachment. By the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 it has the power to remove individual judges from office for misconduct. The executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign through Her Majesty's Government. The monarch appoints a Prime Minister as the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister then selects the other Ministers who make up the Government. As in some other parliamentary systems of government, the executive is answerable to Parliament. The Courts of the United Kingdom are separated into three separate jurisidictions serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, as the United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system.Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the judicial functions of the House of Lords and devolution cases from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Supreme Court began work in 2009, and serves as the highest court of appeal in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, and for civil cases in Scotland. The High Court of Justiciary will remain the court of last resort in Scotland for criminal cases.

VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

Exercise 5. Agree or disagree with the statements using the models:

To agree use the following:

Oh, exactly. It’s just what I was going to say. According to the text ….

I can't help thinking the same, because as it is clear from the text …

I absolutely agree. The text tells us that …

To disagree use the following:

I don't think that's right, because …

I can't say I share this view, because

That's not my way of looking at it, because …

To say you partly agree use the following:

That may be true, but on the other hand ...

That's all very well, but ...

I agree in principle, but...

1.The British Constitution is unwritten like the Constitutions of the USA and the Proposed European Constitution.

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2.The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents.

3.Amendments to the British Constitution need the approval of the both Houses of Parliament, but they do not need the Royal Assent.

4.The parliamentary sovereignty has always been the core principle of the British

Constitution.

5.The Sovereign has no power to dissolve parliament.

6.Parliament has no power to change the structure of its houses.

7.The British Parliament consists only of the House of Commons and the House of

Lords.

8.The European law has priority over the UK law.

9.The executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign.

10.The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United

Kingdom.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text in written form.

Types of Constitution is a system which establishes the fundamental rules and principles which a state will use to govern and regulate.are several types of constitutions: written / unwritten constitution, rigid/flexible constitution, federal/unitary constitution.term written constitution is used to describe a constitution that is entirely written, that is codified in one single document. Written constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial preamble, which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution, and several articles containing the substantive provisions.term unwritten constitution is used to describe a based on series of laws over time. Unwritten constitutions could contain written sources: e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament; and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, customs and traditions.historians use the term “rigid” to describe the Constitution because the provisions are in a written document that cannot be legally changed with the same ease and in the same manner as ordinary laws. On the other hand, the Constitution is called “flexible” because it is an unwritten document that can be changed by an act of Parliament or through a process of amendment.federal constitution establishes the division of authority between the Federal Government and the component units of the government. In a federal constitution, sovereignty is invested in the central government. It allows a limited amount of government among units.unitary constitution relates to the parliament. It follows parliamentary system of power. The unitary constitution establishes a unitary system of government where a central government does exist. Although units are associated with that government, sovereignty is controlled by the central government.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1.What does the term “constitutional monarchy” mean?

2.What body exercises the legislative power in the country?

3.How are the chambers of Parliament composed?

4.What body exercises the executive power?

5.How is the executive branch of the government formed?

6.What is the official opposition?

7.What does the judiciary branch of the government do?

8.Is there a written Constitution in Great Britain?

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9.What is the British Constitution?

10.Why is the British Constitution flexible?

Exercise 8. Find those meanings of the following words what they have in the text:

to exercise — упражняться, тренировать, осуществлять а house - дом, торговая флрма, театр, палата

a team — команда, упряжка, артель

a branch — метка, отрасль, филиал, ветвь

a body - тело, группа людей, организация, орган

power —сила, энергия, способность, производительность, могущество

Exercise 9. Form other parts of the speech from the following words:

power, government, election, opposition, independence, meaning, house, representative, abolish, amendment, conduct, elections, authorities, written, exist, legislative, executive, judicial, system, constitution.

Exercise 10. Read and translate the functions of the English monarch and determine which of them are not mentioned in the texts:

opening and closing Parliament;

approving the appointment of the Prime Minister;

giving her Royal Assent to bills;

giving honours such as peerages, knighthoods and medals;

Head of the Commonwealth;

Head of the Church of England;

Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.

Exercise 11. Choose those features of character which a politician should have:

an ability to organize people

an ability to choose the right person fora right job

an ability to handle debates

an ability to control the meetings

a good knowledge of a parliamentary procedure

to be impartial

to be honest

to be responsible

high standards of personal behavior

firmness of command

Exercise 12. Match the words:

1.choose minority

2.dissolve

3.compaign

4.majority

5.vote

6.MP

7.function

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a.come to an end

b.a period of planned activities

c.a great number

d.a representative in the House of Commons

e.express one’s opinion during elections

f.pick out of smth.

g.a small number

h.work

Exercise 13. Arrange the sentences in a logical sequence and retell the text:

1.For electoral purposes Britain is divided into constituencies.

2.When one of the parties wins, its leader is invited by the Queen to form a government.

3.It is the Prime Minister who chooses the date of the election.

4.The majority system of voting is used in parliamentary elections in Britain,

5.Men and women over 18 years old have the right to vote.

6.Voting takes place on Polling Day (день голосования).

7.When the date of the election is known, the Prime Minister asks the Queen to dissolve Parliament.

8.The British Government is elected for five years.

9.The election campaign is launched.

Exercise 14. Translate the text into English:

Отличительной характеристикой британской Конституции является отсутствие какого-либо единого документа, который можно было бы назвать основным законом страны. Более того, не существует даже точного перечня документов, которые бы относились к Конституции. Это вызвано особым (по сравнению с другими странами Европы) характером права Великобритании, которое относится к англо-саксонской системе. Отличительными особенностями системы являются: использование в качестве источника права судебного прецедента; главенствующий характер; длительное самостоятельное развитие британского права.

Выделяют три составных части Конституции: статутное право (Statute Law); общее право (Common Law) и конституционные соглашения (Constitutional conventions). Им соответствуют следующие источники права: статуты, судебные прецеденты и конституционные соглашения.

В праве Великобритании отсутствует различие между «конституционным» и «текущим» законом — действует общий порядок принятия и изменения законов. Это определяет «гибкий» характер основного закона, возможность его модификации без сложной процедуры изменения или дополнения. При этом стабильность права охраняется обычаем.

Конституция Великобритании является единой для всего Соединенного Королевства: для Англии, Уэльса, Шотландии и Северной Ирландии.

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DISCUSSION

Exercise 1. Comment on the utterance:

“It is пot the voting that is democracy, it is counting”.

Exercise 2. Using the texts, describe the Constitutions of Great Britain.

Exercise 3. Read the text and discuss the problems:

Six people were brutally murdered in their home in a small Nebraska town. The murders and the later arrest of a suspect received widespread news coverage. At a pretrial hearing that was open to the public, the prosecutor introduced a confession and other evidence against the accused. Both the trial judge and the lawyers involved in the case believed that publication of the information presented at the pretrial hearing would make it impossible for the suspect to have a fair trial before an unbiased jury. As a result, the trial judge issued a gag order, which prohibited the news media from reporting the confession or any other evidence against the accused. Members of the news media sued to have the gag order declared unconstitutional and removed.

1.What happened in this case? Why did the judge issue a gag order?

2.Should judges be able to close criminal trials to the press? If so, when and why?

3.Which is more important: the right to a fair trial or the right to freedom of the press? Explain your answer.

4.As a practical matter, how could the court protect the rights of the accused in this case without infringing on the rights of the press?

UNIT 8. LEGISLATION IN RUSSIA

I.WORD BUILDING. Suffix –-ness

Suffix –-ness is appended to

adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of the adjective", "the quality of the adjective", or "the measure of the adjective".

For example: calm – calmness, dark – darknes, kind – kindness, one – oneness.

words of other parts of speech to form nouns (often nonce words or terms in philosophy) meaning the state/quality/measure of the idea represented by these words.

For example: fat − fatness

If adjective ends in -y, it changes to -i- , then -ness is suffixed.

For example: messy → messiness (hence -y → -i-), comely → comeliness.

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Exercise 1. Form the nouns with suffix –ness from the following words:

Absolute, aukward, believeable, close, deaf, crazy, exact, expressive, cool, dark, busy, wit, polite, kind, conscious, willing.

VOCABULARY AND READING EXERCISES

Exercise 2. Read the words and practice their pronunciation. Translate the words.

Doctrine ['dɔktrɪn], power ['pauə], create [krɪ'eɪt], purpose ['pɜːpəs], authorize ['ɔːθ(ə)raɪz], proscribe [prə'skraɪb], sanction ['sæŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n], grant [grɑːnt], declare [dɪ'kleə], assembly [ə'semblɪ], Duma ['duːmə], council ['kaun(t)s(ə)l], enumerate [ɪ'n(j)uːm(ə)reɪt], consent [kən'sent], appointment

[ə'pɔɪntmənt],	annual [ʹænjʋəl], confidence [ʹkɒnfıd(ə)ns], dismissal [dısʹmıs(ə)l[,			chairman
[ʹtʃeəmən],	auditor [ʹɔ:dıtə], impeachment [ımʹpi:tʃmənt], adopt [əʹdɒpt],		decree	[dıʹkri:],
emergency [ıʹmɜ:dʒ(ə)nsı], territory		[ʹterıt(ə)rı], supreme [s(j)u:ʹpri:m], court	[kɔ:t],	approval
[əʹpru:v(ə)l],	martial [ʹmɑ:ʃ(ə)l],	deputy [ʹdepjʋtı], calendar [ʹkælındə],	a compromise
[ʹkɒmprəmaız], separately [ʹsep(ə)rıtlı].

Vocabulary

1.(n.) doctrine − теория, система, доктрина, принцип; учение; теоретические взгляды

2.(n.) separation − отделение; разделение

3.(n.) purpose (aim, target, goal, objective) – цель

4.(v.) authorize − уполномочивать; управомочивать, давать право, легализовать.

5.(v.) proscribe − (outlaw , banish , exile) − объявлять вне закона; высылать

6.(v.) declare − заявлять, объявлять (кого-л. кем-л., что-л. чем-л.)

7.(v.) restrict − ограничивать

8.Federal Assembly of Russia − Федеральное Собрание России

9.the State Duma − Государственная Дума

10.the lower house − нижняя палата

11.the upper house − верхняя палата

12.(v.) adopt decrees – принимать постановления, решения, директивы

13.(v.) be located − располагаться

14.(v.) enumerate − перечислять, пересчитывать

15.(n.) consent − согласие

16.(n.) dismissal − роспуск

17.(n.) hearing − слушание

18.annual report − ежегодный отчет

19.(n.) chairman − председатель

20.(n.) deputy chairman − заместитель председателя

21.Accounts Chamber – счетная палата

22.the Commissioner for Human Rights − верховный комиссар по правам человека

23.announcement of amnesty − объявление амнистии

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24.	(v.) bring charges against smb.− записывать на чей-л. счет, обвинять кого-л. в
	чем-л.

25.(n.) impeachment − «импичмент» (процедура привлечения к ответственности высших гражданских должностных лиц); оспаривание; изъявление сомнения; опорочивание, дискредитация

26.(v.) adopts decrees on issues − принимать решение по вопросам

27.(n.) deputy − депутат

28.(v.) be charged with − отвечать за (что-л.)

29.(v.) cooperate with − сотрудничать с (кем-л.)

30.(n.) subjects of the Russian Federation − субъекты Российской Федерации

31.the introduction of martial law − введение военного положения

32.of a state of emergency − в случае крайней необходимости

33.Armed Forces of the Russian Federation − вооруженные силы Российской Федерации

34.(n.) nomination of judges − выставление кандидатов на должность судьи

35.the Attorney General − высший чиновник органов юстиции (являющийся членом кабинета министров) , генеральный атторней (в Англии) , министр юстиции и генеральный прокурор (в США) , главный прокурор штата

36.(n.) conciliation commission − согласительная, примирительная комиссия

37.(v.) reach a compromise − прийти к соглашению

38.(v.) insists on − настаивать на

39.Joint session − совместное заседание

40.(v.) meet separately – собираться раздельно

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text.

Legislation in Russia

The doctrine of the separation of powers in legislation is regarded as one of the three main functions of government. Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to proscribe, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare or to restrict. The Federal Assembly of Russia is the lawmaking body of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. It consists of the State Duma, which is the lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow. State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. They are:

consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia;

hearing annual reports from the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its work, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

deciding the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;

appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia;

appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber;

appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, who shall act according to federal constitutional law;