Английский методичка (Жаровская)

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2.What conditions in society might have led to its passing?

3.Are there laws today that may be considered loony in the future?

Exercise 2. Write a loony law or rule to be followed by you, your friends and relatives. Explain why your law should be obeyed, why it can be called a loony law. Ask questions to your groupmates.

Exercise 3. Decide whether each of the following is a federal, a state, and/or a local law.

1)No parking on the east side of Main Street between 4:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M.

2)All persons between the ages of 6 and 16 must attend school.

3)Whoever enters a bank for purposes of taking by force or violence the property or money in custody (на хранении) of such bank shall be fined not more than $50,000 or imprisoned not more than 20 years or both.

4)In order to sell any product on public streets, the seller must first apply for and receive a vendor’s permit.

5)No employer of more than 15 persons may discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

6)All persons travelling on interstate airline carriers are subject to search before entering the

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airplane departure area.

Exercise 4. Interpret the law in the following cases, keeping in mind what the law says (the letter of the law) as well as the legislative intent. Examine each situation and decide whether or not the vehicle described should be allowed in the park. Write the reasons for your choices. When you finish analyzing all of the situations, rewrite the law to make it clearer.

The Unclear Law

The city of Beautifica has established a lovely park in the city. The city council wishes to preserve some elements of nature, undisturbed by city noise, traffic, pollution, and crowding. The park is a place where citizens can go and find grass, trees, flowers, and quiet. In addition, there are playgrounds and picnic areas, and at one time a road ran through the park. Now the road is closed. The city council has enacted a law requiring that all entrances to the park have the following sign posted: NO VEHICLES IN THE PARK. The law seems clear, but some disputes have arisen over its interpretation.

a.Tony lives on one side of the city and works on the other. He will save ten minutes if he drives through the park.

b.To keep the park clean, trash barrels are located throughout the area. The sanitation department wants to drive a truck into the park to collect the trash from the barrels.

c.Two police cars are chasing a suspected bank robber. If one police car cuts through the park, it can get in front of the suspect’s car and trap it between the patrol cars.

d.An ambulance is racing to the hospital with a dying patient. The shortest route is through the park.

e.Elena wants to take her baby to the park in a stroller.

f.A monument is being erected to the city’s citizens who died in the Vietnam War. A tank, donated by the government, is to be placed beside the monument.

g.Amul uses an electric wheelchair and wants to visit the park.

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UNIT 6. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION.

Part 1. Law-making procedure in the USA

I.Word building. Negative prefixes.

Prefixes change the meaning of a word, but do not change a part of speech.

For example: order (noun) - disorder (noun).

Prefixes with a negative value: - un-, in-, dis-, -non.

For example: Un - comfortable – uncomfortable, ability – inability.

The prefixes -un- and -in - sometimes joins the verbs to express the opposite action.

For example: to load - to unload, to lock − to unlock,

Before the letter –l- prefix -in - turns into –il.

For example: legal — illegal.

Before the letter -r - prefix -in - turns into –ir.

For xample: regular — irregular.

ExBeforercisethe1. Addlettersnegative-m - andprefixes- - prefixto -thein -followturns intog words:–im.

For example: patient — impatient.

Polite,The wordsto appear,with prefixhonest,-disto–arm,expressescomplete,deniallimited,or the oppositeregard, licit,effectliterate,. logical, agree , affirm,

partial, favour, function, grace, acceptable, actionable, alcoholic, crime, criminal, custodial penalty

For example: like - to dislike.

(наказание, связанное с лишением свободы).

The words with the prefix -non- are often written with a hyphen.

For example: conductor - non-conductor.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1.Why do you think we have laws in our city, state, and country?

2.What would our country be like if there were no laws or rules to follow?

3.What do you know about legislation?

4.What is the aim of legislation?

5.What bodies in your country are responsible for making laws?

VOCABULARY AND READING EXERCISES

Exercise 3. Read the words and practice their pronunciation. Translate the words.

Congress ['kɔŋgres], legislature ['leʤɪsləʧə], the Senate [ðə 'senɪt], senator ['senətə], congressman ['kɔŋgresmən], legislative ['leʤɪslətɪv], introduction [ˌɪntrə'dʌkʃ(ə)n], originate [ə'rɪʤ(ə)neɪt], constituent [kən'stɪtjuənt], committee [kə'mɪtɪ], override [ˌəuvə'raɪd], veto ['viːtəu], chamber ['ʧeɪmbə], accept [ək'sept], vote [vəut], approve [ə'pruːv], sign [saɪn], president ['prezɪd(ə)nt], process ['prəuses], board [bɔːd], council ['kaun(t)s(ə)l], issue ['ɪʃuː], preamble [priˈæmbl].

Vocabulary

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1.the Constitution − конституция

2.lawmaking body – законодательный орган

3.legislature − законодательство

4.to consist of − состоять из

5.the Senate – Сенат

6.a representative − представитель

7.the House of Representatives − палата представителей (нижняя палата конгресса США)

8.the Congress − конгресс

9.(n.) senator − сенатор

10.(n.) congressman (congresswoman) − член палаты представителей конгресса США, конгрессмен

11.The prime minister - премьер-министр

12.(v.) make a bill into a law − сделать законопроект законом

13.the legislative process − законодательный процесс

14.the introduction of a bill to the Congress − представление законопроекта конгрессу

15.(v.) originate from − происходить из

16.(n.) constituent − избиратель

17.(v.) introduce legislation − вносить законопроект

18.(n.) committee – комиссия, комитет

19.(n.) subcommittee − подкомиссия, подкомитет

20.(v.) accept a bill – принять законопроект

21.(v.) amend a bill − вносить поправки в законопроект

22.(v.) reject − отвергать, отклонять; отказывать

23.(v.) reject a bill − забаллотировать законопроект

24.(v.) elect – избирать

25.(v.) move a bill forward − "протолкнуть" законопроект (не иметь никаких трудностей в том, чтобы законодательная власть одобрила тот или иной законопроект)

26.(v.) vote − голосовать

27.(v.) approve the bill − одобрить законопроект

28.(v.) come up for consideration − представлять на рассмотрение

29.(n.) amendment − поправка

30.(v.) be (un)limited – быть ограниченным (неограниченным)

31.speech − речь

32.full membership − полноправное членство, полноправная принадлежность

33.(v.) vote for or against the bill − голосовать за или против законопроекта

34.(v.) be sent to the President −отправляться президенту

35.(v.) sign − подписывать

36.(v.) override the veto − преодолевать вето

37.(n.) chamber − палата (реже в значении "зал, где собирается палата"), казначейство

38.(v.) resign − уходить в отставку

39.(n.) issue – спорный вопрос

40.(n.) preamble – преамбула, вступительная часть (к конституции или какому-л. другому законодательному акту)

Exercise 4. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the active vocabulary:

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1.She sits on the city’s finance board.

2.The senator mails a newsletter to his voters every two months.

3.Coin-operated machines in England turn down Irish money.

4.The prime minister rejected the suggestion that it was time for him to leave his job.

5.Although the technology initiated in the UK, it has been developed in the US.

6.His verbal communication became slurred and indistinct.

7.My patience is restrained.

8.The premier is the leader of the government in some countries

9.Congress is the lawmaking branch of government.

10.The team is composed of four Europeans and two Americans.

Exercise 5. Match the words with their definitions:

1.	membership	a.	a member of the US House of
			Representatives; a congressman or
			congresswoman
2.	a representative	b.	to refuse to accept a bill
3.	lawmaking body	c.	to change the words of a law or a legal
			document
4.	to reject a bill	d.	the state of belonging to an
			organization, or an agreement by which
			someone joins an organization
5.	to amend a bill	e.	an elected group of people who have
			the power to make and change laws in a
			state or country

Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps with the words from the active vocabulary:

1.The Congress has a right to _____________ with two thirds vote of each chamber.

2.The full membership began to _____________ on the issue.

3.Meetings of the council are held in the council ______________.

4.There are two chambers in the American Congress − _______________ is the lower chamber, and ______________ is the upper chamber.

5.The Senate voted to _____________ the President's veto of the proposed measures.

6.MPs were urged to _____________ the law to prevent another oil tanker disaster.

7.Until the ______________ is amended, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.

8.In a subcommittee of the House the bill is accepted, amended, or _____________.

9.Under the union constitution, a new committee must be _______________ each year.

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10.The __________ offer a tax break for young families.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the underlined words. Then read and translate the text.

LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USA

Congress of the United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two houses − the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a representative or congressman or congresswoman. The general process for making a bill into a law is described in the Constitution.

The first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress. Bills originate from several different sources: from individual members of the Congress, from a member of a constituent or a group of constituents, from one or more state legislatures, or the President or his administration, but only members of the Congress can introduce legislation. For being introduced, a bill is referred to the appropriate committee for review.

There are 17 Senate committees, with 70 subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected. If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the Senate.

When the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured debate process. Each member who wishes to speak only has a few minutes, and the number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on most bills is unlimited - Senators may speak to issues other than the bill under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration.

Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill. The bill is then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is printed.

VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the statements using one of the models.

Agreement:

a)I fully agree with the statement, because…

b)I'm exactly of the same opinion.

c)That's quite right.

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Disagreement:

a.As a matter of fact, I don't agree, because……

b.I'm not sure, in fact, because I know (have read) that…..

c.I'm not at all convinced, because It is known that…..

Partial agreement:

a)I agree with it up to a point/ in a sense/ in a way, but ...

b)There's some truth in it. However, ...

c)I agree with much of it, but ...

1.The Senate is the main legislative body of the USA

2.The Constitution of the USA sets forth the general process for making a bill into law.

3.The first step in the legislative process is voting.

4.In the House of Representatives, debate on most bills is unlimited.

5.All bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President.

6.When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has to sign it.

7.The Congress has no right to override the presidential veto.

8.The Senate is the main legislative body of the USA.

9.A Congressman is a member of the Senate.

10.The full membership vote for or against the bill before the debates in Parliament.

Exercise 9. Paraphrase the sentences replacing the underlined words or word combinations with vocabulary words of opposite meaning.

1.Any member of Congress can abolish legislation.

2.When a bill is introduced, it is given a number: H.R. signifies a Senate bill and S. − a House bill.

3.First the bill is referred to a Committee

4.The chairman of the Committee determines whether there will be a hearing on the law and whether there will be "mark up."

5.A mark up is when members of the Committee officially meet to offer invariances to make changes to the bill.

6.After amendments are adopted or rejected, the chairman moves not to take part in a ballot of the bill.

7.Usually, a copy of the bill as marked up is written with a pen in the Report.

8.The Speaker of the House and the Majority Leader of the Senate determine if and when a bill comes before the full body to pass it over in silence or to amend it.

9.In the House, a Senator may offer an amendment to the bill only if he has obtained "permission" from the Rules Committee.

10.In the Senate, a Representative can offer an amendment without warning so long as the amendment is germane to the underlying bill.

11.Sometimes, amendments are rejected by a "voice vote."

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12.When the House or the Senate passes a bill it is referred to the other corridor where it usually follows the same route through committee and floor action.

13.If both chambers accept the conference report, the bill dies.

14.After the conference report has been approved by both the House and Senate, the final bill is sent to an ordinary person.

15.If the President approves the bill, he sets it aside and it becomes law.

Exercise 10. Translate into Russian:

1.Конгресс США — законодательный орган, один из трёх высших федеральных органов государственной власти США.

2.Полномочия Конгресса определены основным Законом государства США.

3.Конгресс состоит из двух палат: Палаты американского конгресса и Палаты представителей.

4.Палата представителей насчитывает 435 участвующих в голосовании членов.

5.Штатам США даются широкие права в области законодательства.

6.В основу формирования правительственной власти и системы США положен принцип разделения властей. Согласно этому принципу, законодательная власть принадлежит конгрессу, исполнительная — президенту, судебная — Верховному и нижестоящим федеральным судам.

7.Конгресс избирается населением, президент — коллегией выборщиков, Верховный суд — совместно президентом и сенатом.

8.Штатам США даются широкие права в области законодательства.

9.Палата представителей является органом общенационального представительства. 435 ее депутатов избираются на два года в первый вторник после первого понедельника ноября каждого четного года.

10.Сенаторы избираются на шесть лет в те же сроки, что и палата представителей, однако каждые два года состав сената переизбирается только на одну треть. Это обстоятельство придает сенату особый статус постоянно действующего органа.

Exercise 11. Make up a report about the adoption of the law in the United States. Use the information what is not used in the text. Discover and describe the stages of the legislative process, which are not disclosed in the text. Use the following word combinations.

public hearing - открытые слушания (meeting or session of a Senate, House, Joint, or Special Committee of Congress, usually open to the public, to obtain information and opinions on proposed legislation)

conference committee - комитет по согласованию расхождений, согласительный комитет

floor action - пленарная акция (once a bill reaches the floor, it can be debated and amended before coming to a vote)

highway act - основной (итоговый) проект закона

Exercise 12. Assume that you are an immigration judge and the following cases come before you. Would the person be allowed to stay in the country or would you issue a removal order?

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Give the reasons for your answers.

a.Sergei is single, has no children, and has been in the United States for 12 years. He has held steady employment as a construction worker. He does not have a green card. He sends his family in Russia money on a regular basis.

b.Maria crossed the border a year ago to be with her husband, who is an LPR with regular employment.

c.Malcolm came to the United States on a temporary work permit and worked for an engineering company. After being here for two years, his work permit ran out. His employer, for whom he still works, has written a letter asking that his term be extended because they need his services. Following a raid at the job site, Malcolm was detained.

d.Emmanuel, 18, came to the United States illegally when he was 12. He has no Social Security number or driver’s license. He is a good student in a public high school and has applied to go to college. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents come to his home to arrest his uncle, who had been ordered deported. Emmanuel was also arrested

when he answered the door.

Part 2. Constitution of the USA

WORD BUILDING. Suffix -ian

There are some suffixes which are used to form nationality: -ian (Italian, Norwegian)

-ean (Chilean, Korean)

-an (American, Mexican)

-ese (Chinese, Japanese)

-er (Icelander, New Zealander) -ic (Icelandic, Greenlandic) -ish (English, Irish)

-i (Iraqi, Pakistani)

It should not be surprising to find out that -ian, -an and -ean actually have a common origin. In fact, the suffix -ia is frequently used in Latin to name places, thus giving birth to names like Romania, Bulgaria and Australia, -ea and -a are two other grammatical suffixes used on Latin nouns. The final -n is an adjectival suffix that turns a noun into an adjective. Hence, adjectives that end in -ian, -ean, or -an were either borrowed directly from Latin, or modelled after Latin in English. They are the standard suffixes now in English. The distribution of them follows a rule that is rather neat and tidy. Basically it goes as follows:

If the place name ends in -ea or a silent -e, then use -ean; If the place name ends in a vowel, then use -an; Otherwise, use -ian.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences:

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1.Centenarian is a person who ….

2.A vegetarian is one who lives on...

3.A veterinarian is one who treats...

4.A parliamentarian is a member of...

5.An academician is a member of...

6.People who live in Bulgaria are …

7.People who live in Albania are …

8.People who live in Nigeria are …

9.People who live in Panama are …

10.People who live in Asia are …

Exercise 2. Form the nouns wih thesuffix -ian:

Vegetation, electric, Canada, Russia, music, library, magic, Egypt, tactic, academic, Zambia.

VOCABULARY AND READING EXERCISES

Exercise 3. Read the words and practice their pronunciation. Translate the words.

War [wɔː], article ['ɑːtɪkl], pressure ['preʃə], series ['sɪəriːz], assembly [ə'semblɪ], indictment [ɪn'daɪtmənt], jury ['ʤuərɪ], guarantee [ˌgær(ə)n'tiː], trial ['traɪəl], executive [ɪg'zekjutɪv], legislative ['leʤɪslətɪv], judicial[ʤuː'dɪʃ(ə)l], exercise ['eksəsaɪz], distinct [dɪ'stɪŋkt], complete [kəm'pliːt], overlap [ˌəuvə'læp], responsibility [rɪˌspɔn(t)sə'bɪlətɪ], certain ['sɜːt(ə)n], protect [prə'tekt], compromise ['kɔmprəmaɪz], consensus [kən'sen(t)səs], propose [prə'pəuz], refuse [rɪ'fjuːz], override [ˌəuvə'raɪd], Vice President [ˌvaɪs'prezɪd(ə)nt], cabinet ['kæbɪnət], department [dɪ'pɑːtmənt], independent [ ˌɪndɪ'pendənt], agency ['eɪʤ(ə)n(t)sɪ], enforce [ɪn'fɔːs], appeal [ə'piːl], Justice ['ʤʌstɪs], interpret [ɪn'tɜːprɪt], lawsuit ['lɔːs(j)uːt], declare [dɪ'kleə], violate ['vaɪəleɪt].

Vocabulary

1)(v.) be based on – базироваться, основываться

2)(v.) adopt − принимать

3)the War of Independence − Война за независимость (1775-1783 гг.)

4)the Bill of Rights − "Билль о правах" (конституционный акт, принятый в Англии в 1689 г.; ограничивал власть короля и гарантировал права парламента)

5)pressure − давление;

6)(v.) protect − защищать

7)property − имущество; собственность

8)the right to keep and carry arms – право на хранение и ношение оружия

9)an impartial jury − беспристрастные присяжные

10)federalism − федерализм (политическая ситема); амер. распределение полномочий между центральной и местной властью

11)(v.) exercise − осуществлять, применять