Английский методичка (Жаровская)

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24.(v.) adopt a law / to enact a law / to pass a law / to make a law - принимать закон

25.— принимать закон

26.(v.) read/study law — изучать право, учиться на юриста

27.(v.) practise law — быть юристом

28.(v.) go to law — подать в суд; начать судебный процесс

29.(v.) believe in the Rule of Law − верить в верховенство закона

30.(v.) seek to change the law by lawful means − стремиться изменить закон мирными средствами

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the idioms mentioned above.

1.They don't do what they ought to __________. There's no justice in it!

2.The law has received a number of minor amendments since then, but was __________

significantly by the Firearms.

3.Those people who __________ are the wrongdoers.

4.Judges attempted to __________ existing customs and laws to each new case.

5.Law enforcement agencies __________.

6.England and Wales ___________ new laws and retained many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago.

7.The lecturer stressed that judges did not merely _________ , in some cases they made law.

8."___________" is an expression that means "every man for himself", "anything goes", "survival of the strongest", "kill or be killed".

9.It is ____________ to eat an orange in your bath tub in California.

10.____________ , and a man must part with his last farthing to buy bread.

11.Playing loud music late at night _______________.

12.She’s ___________ at Georgetown University.

13.The bus is always late but today when I was late it came on time - that's ____________ I suppose!

14.He’s spending the holiday with his parents____________.

15.If the law is flawed we can try to _____________.

Exercise 5. Transcribe the words.

Law, order, jungle, necessity, know, repeal, break, obey, enforce, apply, study, amend, purpose, society, choose, at random, safeguard, personal, property, disagreement, conflict, resolve, disputes, turn, respect, individual, right, arrest, punish, trial, believe, rule, trial, protect, basic, reflect, publicly, change, adult, impose, morality, resemble, design, to control, alter, enforce, prison, obey, purpose, structured, society, since, associate, chaotic, ensure, promise, conduct, disagreement, provide, property, duel, respect, totalitarian, cruel, arrest, punish, tactics, provide, reject, control, operate, orderly , society , apply, police, officials, duty, conduct, ffect , benefits , injured, fairness, protect liberty quality, advantage, create, recognize, unjust, democratic, carved in stone, particular, flaw.

Exercise 6. Read the words of the active vocabulary.

Vocabulary

1.to impose rules налагать правила

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2.morality − мораль, нравственность, нравственное поведение

3.standards of morality — стандарты нравственного поведения

4.to resemble − походить, иметь сходство

5.to alter – изменять; менять; переделывать

6.to go to prison − отправиться в тюрьму

7.to choose at random – выбирать наугад (случайным образом)

8.to keep a promise – сдержать обещание

9.to safeguard our personal property and our lives – охранять нашу собственность и жизнь

10.to have disagreements and conflicts – иметь разногласия и конфликты

11.to arise − возникать, появляться, происходить

12.to resolve the disputes peacefully − разрешать споры мирными средствами

13.to respect individual rights − уважать права человека

14.to arrest and punish people without trial − арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия

15.to operate in an orderly manner – функционировать должным образом

16.to carry out – осуществлять, выполнять

17. to protect basic individual rights and freedoms − защищать основные права и свободы

18.liberty and equality – свобода и равенство

19.to use the powerful position in society – использовать преимущественное положение

вобществе

20.to reflect the changing needs of society − отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества

21.to have the right to speak out publicly − иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение

22.to pay a fine – заплатить штраф

23.dangerous − опасный

24.chaotic − хаотический

25.fair (just) − справедливый

Exercise 7. Read and translate the underlined words. Then read and translate the text.

Why do we need laws?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules - those made by the state or the courts - are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law - whether you like that law or not - you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law

If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people, to live in society have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-

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way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who the real owner is and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. We need law to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law.

Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.

The goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals. Despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

Exercise 8. Match the following:
1. the purpose of law	a) уважать права отдельного человека
2. to live in society	b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности
	общества
3. to choose at random	c) иметь разногласия и конфликты
4. to safeguard our personal property and our	d) верить в верховенство закона
lives.
5. to have disagreements and conflicts	e) защищать основные права и свободы
6. to resolve disputes peacefully	f) назначение (цель) права
7. to turn to the law	g) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение
8. to respect individual rights	h) жить в обществе
9. to arrest and punish people without trial	i) выбирать что-либо наугад
10. to believe in the Rule of Law	j) стремиться изменить закон мирными
	средствами
11. in accordance with the law	k) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и

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	следствия
12. to protect basic individual rights and	l) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь
freedoms
13. to reflect the changing needs of society	m) в соответствии с законом
14. to have the right to speak out publicly	n) обращаться к закону
15. to seek to change the law by lawful	o) разрешать споры мирными средствами
means

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the words of exercise 4.

1. Almost everything we do is governed by ………. .

2. If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people ………. .

3.Laws against criminal conduct help ……….

4.We turn to the law ……….

5.Another goal of the law is ……….

6.The ……………. is to regulate public life.

7.People do not usually notice laws in daily life, we ……………. only when they

…………….. .

8.In a democracy, averyone has the right to …………… and …………... .

9.Driving would be dangerous and chaotic if people were allowed to choose ……… which side of the street to drive on.

10.The …………. is fairness.

Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements using the models:

1. Agreement:

There are many reasons for...

There is no doubt about it that...) I am of the same opinion.

2.Partial agreement:

It is only partly true that...

That seems obvious, but...

3.Disagreement:

That is not necessarily so… There is more to it than that …

The problem is that...

1.Laws haven’t changed since primeval times.

2.However hard people try, laws are always imperfect.

3.Laws are not for ordinary people, they are for lawyers.

4.Not everything we do is governed by some set of rules.

5.We need rules that everyone must obey.

6.Laws against criminal conduct don’t help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

7.In well-ordered society conflicts never arise.

8.It is impossible to resolve disputes peacefully.

9.If individual’s rights are respected it means that we live in a safe and peaceful society.

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10.Totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws.

11.Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order ensuring the society operates in an orderly manner.

12.Laws should be applied to every person in the society.

13.The only goal of the law is justice.

14.Sometimes people recognize some laws unjust or unfair.

15.In a country ruled by a dictator anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly.

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the sentences using the words of active vocabulary.

1.People resort to various kinds of rules to guide their life.

2. In contemporary society people attempt to discover nonviolent ways of disputes settlement. 3.The law of tropical forest means that everyone lives for himself / herself.

4.Everyone must comply with the law.

5.It is outlawed to smoke in public places.

6.They believed that his case would never come to litigation.

7.Britain and France have expressed dissent with the proposal.

8.Laws mirror the altering needs of any organization.

9.Five schools were chosen by guesswork for the test.

10.Some totalitarian governments have laws, enforced by police forces permitting taking into custody and penalizing people without litigation.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Цель законов состоит в том, чтобы регулировать поведение людей в обществе. 2. Цель правовой теории – рассмотреть природу, происхождение и классификацию права. 3. Теория естественного права основана на убеждении: существует набор юридических норм человеческого поведения, а законы, разработанные людьми должны побуждаться этими правилами. 4. Термин «закон» применяется в различных смыслах. 5. Для юриста закон имеет более узкое значение – моральные нормы и правила, признанные и применяемые государством. 6. Английская правовая система считается образцом для многих государств. 7. Судебный процесс становится центром соглашения между сторонами в котором одна сторона выходит (to emerge) победителем. 8. К судебному разбирательству каждая сторона дела должна приобрести как можно больше информации. 9. Некоторые законы иногда признаются несправедливыми. 10. Сущетвует ли такое общество, в котором никогда не возникают конфликты?

UNIT 5 LAW AND SOCIETY

I. WORD BUILDING. Suffix -man

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Suffix -man (plural -men)

Someone (implied male) who is an expert in an area; e.g. horseman, sportsman.

Someone (implied male) who is employed or holds a position in an area; e.g lawman, newsman.

Someone (implied male) who has special characteristics relating to an area, e.g. freeman, iceman, superman.

In certain cases, someone (implied male) who derives from a particular nationality; e.g. Scotsman, Chinaman.

To include men and women, either the suffix –person- is used, or a gender-inclusive synonym, for example police officer instead of policeman.

Frequently employed in the names of comic book characters, e.g. Aquaman, Batman, Plasticman, Sandman, Superman,

Exercise 1. Give the Russian for the following words:

Pressman, taximan, Scotsman, Congressman, juryman, milkman, barman, policeman, railwayman, watchman, chairman, sportsman.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1.In what country do Dutchmen live?

2.Whom do we call a yes-man?

3.Do you know the meaning of the word «sandwich-man»?

4.What does a chairman do?

5.Where does a salesman work?

Exercise 3. Read the words and practice their pronunciation. Translate the words.

Succeed [sək'siːd], interfere[ˌɪntə'fɪə,] complicated ['kɔmplɪkeɪtɪd], tempo ['tempəu], police [pə'liːs], represent [ˌreprɪ'zent], loan [ləun], injured ['ɪnʤəd], sue [s(j)uː], plaintiff ['pleɪntɪf], defendant [dɪ'fendənt] , testify ['testɪfaɪ], oath [əuθ], testimony ['testɪmənɪ], judgment ['ʤʌʤmənt], accustomed [ə'kʌstəmd], multinational [ˌmʌltɪ'næʃ(ə)n(ə)l], company ['kʌmpənɪ], ensure [ɪn'ʃuə], [ɪn'ʃɔː], valid ['vælɪd] , community [kə'mjuːnətɪ], society [sə'saɪətɪ].

Exercise 4. Transcribe the following words:

Accident, sue, plaintiff, defendant, trial, oath, testimony, judgment, ensure, valid, testify, consult.

Vocabulary

1.to succeed in − добиться успеха в (чем-л.)

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2.to interfere − вмешиваться

3.to increase the tempo of daily living activities − увеличить темп повседневной деятельности

4.reasonable needs − разумные потребности

5.to consult the police – обращаться в полицию

6.a contract with legal obligations − договор с юридическими обязательствами

7.to sue against smb. − возбуждать иск против кого-л.

8.plaintiff − истец

9.defendant − ответчик

10.at the trial – на судебном процессе

11.to testify under oath about smth. − давать показания под присягой

12.the testimony − свидетельское показание ( against; for, on behalf of)

13.judgment (judgement) − приговор, решение, заключение суда

14.in favor of you − в пользу Вас

15.to become more accustomed to − становится более привычны к

16.multinational company – многонациональная компания

17.to employ – нанимать на работу

18.to ensure − гарантировать, обеспечивать

19.valid − действительный,имеющий силу

20.community (society) – общество

Exercise 5. Read and translate the underlined words. Then read and translate the text.

Law and society

When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially. The things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living.

The laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we don’t often notice them. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch. But when a neighbor refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities. You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after the listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment be entered in favor of you against Bert.

The transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or

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deciding whom to give our property to when we die. On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1.Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development?

2.Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays?

3.Do we notice laws? Why?

4.When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities?

5.In what case may we sue against Bert?

6.Where do we testify under oath?

7.Did Bert win or lose the case?

8.In what cases do people seek legal advice?

9.Why do companies employ lawyers?

10.What should people know to regulate their relationship?

Exercise 7. Replace the Russian words in brackets with their English equivalents from the box. Translate the text in written form.

to investigate crimes, civil offences, to punish the guilty, law and order, is breaking the law, obey the law, ignorance of laws, is almost, never, a defense, for breaking it, were prosecuted, legal codes, investigation, reform, to be aware of the laws, harsh, prohibiting theft, dangerous driving, reflect social and moral attitude.

1. They have many ways of making sure that citizens (подчиняются закону). They make the public aware of what the law is and try to encourage social support for (правопорядку). They use police forces (расследовать преступления) and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the (расследование) of criminal and (гражданских правонарушений) and to pass sentences to (наказать виновного) and deter others. And they make efforts to re-educate and (изменить) people who have broken the law. The laws of all countries are to be found in written records - (правовые кодексы) of countries with continental systems, the statutes and case-judgments of common law countries, warning on official forms, and notice in public buildings. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But (незнание законов не освобождает от ответственности). Governments usually expect citizens (знать законы) which affect their lives. Sometimes this seems very (жестко) , for example, when the law is very technical. Shopkeepers in England (преследовались по закону в уголовном порядке) for selling books on Sunday, although they were allowed to sell magazines. However, there are many laws, such as those (запрещеающие воровство), assault and (опасное вождение автомобиля) which simply (отражают общественное и нравственное отношение) to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he (нарушает закон), even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions.

1.What kind of society do we live in?

2.What is the society governed by?

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3.What is the difference between laws and rules of morality?

4.Why do rules of morality and custom play an important role in our life?

5.Why are laws designed to control our behavior?

6.What are the goals of law?

7.When do people turn to law?

8.Why do we need the law?

Exercise 9. Agree or disagree with the sentences using one of the models (see also p. 162):

a) I think it is true. The text tells us that ………

b)That seems obvious, but...

c)To my mind, it is false because …………

I beg to differ, because…

1.We usually think about the legal implications of everyday activities.

2.Few of us would risk making transactions without first seeking legal advice.

3.People all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other.

4.Even though the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return your money or replace the TV set, we don’t start thinking of taking legal advice.

5.When you buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell you it represents a contract with legal obligations.

6.You may not sue against the person who didn’t pay his debt.

7.You can testify at the doctor’s.

8.A defendant can accuse a plaintiff.

9.The court may listen to testimony of one side.

10.All transactions in modern society are very difficult.

11.Nobody should have basic knowledge of law.

12.People should know the basic laws.

13.People may behave in society according to the state laws.

14.People must obey the rulesof a sport club or another organization.

15.People use laws to restrain their neighbours.

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with a proper word.

1. _____ is the party that is accused in court of a crime or a civil offence. 2. _____ is the party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company. 3. _____ is a civil legal proceeding against someone. 4. _____ is an official court decision on the case. 5. _____ are an official body whose job is to make sure that people obey the law, to catch, and to protect people and property. 6. _____ is someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court. 7. ______ is a house or a room where all the information about the crime is given so that it can be judged. 8. ______ is a sum of money that you owe somebody. 9. _____ is a formal statement that something is true, such as the one a witness makes in court of law. 10. ______

is money that has been lost by a business, a person or a government.

Exercise 11. Chose the appropriate answer from the list of options and prove your choice in a form of a monologue of three or five sentences. You should begin your monologue with one of these expressions:

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a)I quite agree with the statement because … I completely / absolutely agree with the statement because…

I agree with it 100 percent. I couldn't agree with you more. It’s just what I think …. because …..

b)That's not always true. / That's not always the case.

c)I cannot agree with this idea, because…

What I object to is...

Unlike the author I think...

1. Relations between people are regulated by ) government) prescriptive laws) people’s experience) customs and traditions

2.If we always break the rules, other members of society may ) refuse to have anything to do with us) carry precise penalties) use a system of courts) consult the police

3.When governments make laws for their citizens ) they use the power of the police to enforce them) they use justice) they observe public opinion) they try to implement common sense.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Они используют судебную систему, опирающуюся на право полиции принудительно обеспечивать соблюдение закона. 2. Иванов понесет наказание в виде штрафа или временного отстранения от участия в игре. 3. Рефери может подать гражданский иск против игрока и потребовать материального возмещения за нанесенные ему телесные увечья. 4. Подобные деяния наказываются по закону так как государство рассматривает антиобщественное поведение не как вопрос взаимоотношений между людьми, а как угрозу благосостоянию и порядку в обществе. 5. Издавая законы для граждан, правительство использует систему судов при поддержке (backed by) полиции. 6. Необходимо работать для общего блага. 7. Право - это нормы поведения, установленные государством и применяемые в обществе в форме закона или обычая. 8. Мы следуем определённым нормам поведения. 9. Я посоветуюсь с юристом. 10. Люди часто вспоминают Закон Мерфи.

Exercise 13. Arrange the sentences in a logical sequence to get a brief retelling of the text.

1.Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society

2.The player might face prosecution for attacking the referee under law.

3.When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts.

4.Governments consider anti-social behavior as a danger to the well-being and order of society.

5.This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.

Exercise 14. Retell the text “Law and society“

DISCUSSION

Exercise 1. Look at the pictures. The artist depicts some loony laws what really exist. Answer the questions.

1. Can you figure out why each law has been passed?