fix1
.pdfТерехина Л. И., Фикс И. И. Высшая математика 1. Учеб. пособие /Том. политех. ун-т. – Томск, 2008. – 168 с.
Тема 1. Линейная алгебра
Тема 2. Векторная алгебра
Тема 3. Аналитическая геометрия на плоскости
Тема 4. Аналитическая геометрия в пространстве
g L A W A 1. linejnaq algebra
1.1. oPREDELITELI I IH WY^ISLENIE
1.1.1. pONQTIE OPREDELITELQ
o P R E D E L E N I E. ~ISLOWYM OPREDELITELEM PORQDKA n NAZYWA- ETSQ ^ISLO, ZAPISANNOE W WIDE KWADRATNOJ TABLICY I WY^ISLQEMOE IZ \LEMENTOW \TOJ TABLICY PO OPREDELENNOMU PRAWILU.
oPREDELITELX OBOZNA^AETSQ SIMWOLAMI n A ILI det A: sTROKI I STOLBCY OPREDELITELQ NAZYWA@TSQ EGO RQDAMI. w OPRE-
DELITELE RAZLI^A@T GLAWNU@ I POBO^NU@ DIAGONALI.
gLAWNAQ DIAGONALX OBRAZOWANA \LEMENTAMI, STOQ]IMI NA LINII, SOEDINQ@]EQ LEWYJ WERHNIJ \LEMENT S PRAWYM NIVNIM.
pOBO^NAQ DIAGONALX OBRAZOWANA \LEMENTAMI, STOQ]IMI NA LINII, SOEDINQ@]EQ LEWYJ NIVNIJ \LEMENT S PRAWYM WERHNIM.
o P R E D E L E N I E. mINOROM \LEMENTA aij OPREDELITELQ PORQDKA n NAZYWAETSQ OPREDELITELX PORQDKA n;1 POLU^ENNYJ IZ \LEMENTOW DANNOGO POSLE WY^ERKIWANIQ IZ NEGO STROKI S NOMEROM i I STOLBCA S NOMEROM j NA PERESE^ENII KOTORYH STOIT \TOT \LEMENT.
mINOR OBOZNA^AETSQ SIMWOLOM Mij. nAPRIMER, W OPREDELITELE |
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zAMETIM |
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^TO OPREDELITELX |
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GO PORQDKA IMEET |
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MINOROW |
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RQDKA.
o P R E D E L E N I E. aLGEBRAI^ESKIM DOPOLNENIEM \LEMENTA aij OPREDELITELQ NAZYWAETSQ MINOR \TOGO \LEMENTA, WZQTYJ SO SWOIM, ILI PROTIWOPOLOVNYM ZNAKOM SOGLASNO PRAWILU
Aij = (;1)i+jMij:
eSLI SUMMA NOMEROW STROKI I STOLBCA DANNOGO \LEMENTA ^ETNAQ, TO ALGEBRAI^ESKOE DOPOLNENIE I MINOR \LEMENTA SOWPADA@T, A ESLI \TA
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SUMMA NE^ETNAQ, TO ALGEBRAI^ESKOE DOPOLNENIE I MINOR IME@T ODI- NAKOWU@ WELI^INU, NO RAZNYE ZNAKI. nAPRIMER, DLQ RASSMOTRENNOGO WY[E OPREDELITELQ
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1.2. sWOJSTWA oPREDELITELEJ |
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1: oPREDELITELX MATRICY NE IZMENITSQ PRI EE TRANSPONIROWA- NII.
det A = det AT :
tRANSPONIROWANIE - PEREMENA ROLQMI STROK I STOLBCOW MATRICY. |TO SWOJSTWO GOWORIT O RAWNOPRAWNOSTI STROK I STOLBCOW MATRICY.
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oPREDELITELI \TIH MATRIC RAWNY, TAK KAK STOLBCY MATRICY AT |
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LQ@TSQ STROKAMI MATRICY |
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2: eSLI PERESTAWITX W OPREDELITELE MATRICY DWA PARALLELXNYH |
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RQDA, TO OPREDELITELX SMENIT ZNAK NA PROTIWOPOLOVNYJ |
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mNOVITELX |
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OB]IJ \LEMENTAM KAKOGO |
LIBO RQDA |
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ZA ZNAK OPREDELITELQ: |
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iLI OBRATNOE |
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^TOBY UMNOVITX OPREDELITELX NA ^ISLO |
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NUVNO UM |
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NOVITX NA \TO ^ISLO \LEMENTY ODNOGO IZ RQDOW OPREDELITELQ.
4: oPREDELITELX MATRICY RAWEN NUL@, ESLI WSE \LEMENTY KAKOGO- LIBO RQDA RAWNY NUL@ (a)
5: oPREDELITELX MATRICY RAWEN NUL@, ESLI MATRICA SODERVIT DWA ODINAKOWYH RQDA (b)
4
6: oPREDELITELX MATRICY RAWEN NUL@, ESLI MATRICA SODERVIT
DWA RQDA, \LEMENTY KOTORYH PROPORCIONALXNY (c) |
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wIDNO |
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OJ STROKI POLU^A@TSQ UMNOVENIEM \LEMEN |
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TOW 3-EJ STROKI NA (;3).
7: oPREDELITELX MATRICY RAWEN NUL@, ESLI W MATRICE ESTX RQD, \LEMENTY KOTOROGO PREDSTAWLQ@T SOBOJ LINEJNU@ KOMBINACI@ SO- OTWETSTWU@]IH \LEMENTOW DRUGIH RQDOW.
pOQSNIM \TO SWOJSTWO I PONQTIE LINEJNOJ ZAWISIMOSTI NA PRIME- RE OPREDELITELQ
= 0:
eSLI WSE \LEMENTY 1-OJ STROKI UMNOVITX NA (;1) I SLOVITX S SOOTWETSTWU@]IMI \LEMENTAMI 2-OJ STROKI, PREDWARITELXNO UMNO- VENNYMI NA 2, TO POLU^ATSQ \LEMENTY 3-EJ STROKI. |TO ZNA^IT, ^TO TRETXQ STROKA ESTX LINEJNAQ KOMBINACIQ DWUH DRUGIH.
kONE^NO, TAKU@ LINEJNU@ KOMBINACI@ SRAZU NE WIDNO, NO ESLI W REZULXTATE WY^ISLENIQ OPREDELITELQ POLU^ITSQ NOLX, TO MOVNO UTWERVDATX, ^TO EGO RQDY LINEJNO ZAWISIMY, T.E. KAKOJ-LIBO RQD MOVNO PREDSTAWITX W WIDE LINEJNOJ KOMBINACII OSTALXNYH.
w ^ASTNOSTI, LINEJNO ZAWISIMYMI QWLQ@TSQ DWA ODINAKOWYH RQ- DA, A TAKVE DWA RQDA, SOOTWETSTWU@]IE \LEMENTY KOTORYH PROPOR- CIONALXNY (SWOJSTWA (5) I (6)).
8: eSLI WSE \LEMENTY KAKOGO-LIBO RQDA OPREDELITELQ PREDSTAWITX W WIDE SUMMY DWUH SLAGAEMYH, TO OPREDELITELX MOVNO ZAPISATX W WI- DE SUMMY DWUH OPREDELITELEJ.
9: oPREDELITELX MATRICY NE IZMENITSQ, ESLI WSE \LEMENTY KAKOGO- LIBO RQDA UMNOVITX NA OTLI^NOE OT NULQ ^ISLO I PRIBAWITX K SOOT-
5
WETSTWU@]IM \LEMENTAM DRUGOGO RQDA. nAPRIMER:
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zAPISX (;3 S1 |
+ S2) OZNA^AET, ^TO MY UMNOVILI WSE \LEMENTY 1- |
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OJ STROKI NA (;3) I PRIBAWILI K SOOTWETSTWU@]IM \LEMENTAM 2-OJ STROKI. pRI \TOM \LEMENTY 1-OJ STROKI NE IZMENQTSQ, A IZMENQTSQ TOLXKO \LEMENTY 2-OJ STROKI.
w REZULXTATE POLU^ILSQ NOWYJ OPREDELITELX, NO PO SWOJSTWU (9) EGO WELI^INA RAWNA WELI^INE ISHODNOGO OPREDELITELQ.
|TO SWOJSTWO QWLQETSQ O^ENX WAVNYMI PRI UPRO]ENII WY^ISLE- NIQ OPREDELITELQ PORQDKA RAWNOGO ILI WY[E TREH.
10: oSNOWNOE PRAWILO WY^ISLENIQ OPREDELITELEJ.
oPREDELITELX KWADRATNOJ MATRICY RAWEN SUMME PROIZWEDENIJ \LE- MENTOW KAKOJ-LIBO STROKI (STOLBCA) MATRICY NA SOOTWETSTWU@]IE IM ALGEBRAI^ESKIE DOPOLNENIQ.
|TO PRAWILO NAZYWAETSQ RAZLOVENIEM OPREDELITELQ PO \LEMENTAM KAKOGO-LIBO RQDA. rEZULXTAT WY^ISLENIQ OPREDELITELQ NE ZAWISIT OT WYBORA RQDA, PO KOTOROMU WEDETSQ RAZLOVENIE.
11: sUMMA PROIZWEDENIJ \LEMENTOW KAKOJ-LIBO STROKI (STOLB-
CA) MATRICY NA ALGEBRAI^ESKIE DOPOLNENIQ \LEMENTOW DRUGOJ STRO-
KI (STOLBCA) RAWNA NUL@.
1.1.3. wY^ISLENIE oPREDELITELEJ |
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1. |
oPREDELITELX 1-GO PORQDKA |
RAWEN SAMOMU \LEMENTU |
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1A = j a11 j = a11: |
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oPREDELITELX 2-GO PORQDKA |
WY^ISLQETSQ PO PRAWILU |
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= a11a22 a12a21: |
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= 1 2 |
; 5 (;3) = 2 + 15 = 17 |
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tAK |
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WY^ISLQETSQ PO UNIWERSALX- |
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3. oPREDELITELX |
3-GO PORQDKA |
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NOMU PRAWILU (RAZLOVENIEM PO \LEMENTAM KAKOJ-LIBO STROKI, ILI |
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STOLBCA. rASSMOTRIM PRIMERY. |
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1: |
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zAPI[EM RAZLOVENIE OPREDELITELQ |
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PO \LEMENTA 2 |
; GO STOLBCA |
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= a12 A12 + a22 |
A22 + a32 A32 |
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1+2 |
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= (;3) (;1) |
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(;1) |
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+(;1) |
(;1) |
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;2 3 |
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+1 |
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;5 7 |
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= 3(;5 3;2 7)+(4 3;2 2)+(4 7;2 (;5)) = 3(;29)+8+38 = ;41: |
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o^EWIDNO ^TO NAIBOLEE WYGODNYM |
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QWLQETSQ RAZLOVENIE OPREDELITELQ |
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2: |
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PO \LEMENTAM 2 |
; OJ STROKI |
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TAK KAK W RAZLOVENII OSTANETSQ |
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5 |
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;1 ;8 |
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TOLXKO ODNO SLAGAEMOE |
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= 0 A21 + 3 A22 + 0 A23 = |
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= 0 |
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1)3 |
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+ 3 |
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7 2 + 0 |
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;1 ;8 |
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5 ;8 |
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5 ;1 |
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= 0 + 3 (7 |
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(;8) ; 2 5) + 0 = 3 (;56 ; 10) = 3 (;66) = |
;198: |
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eSLI W ISHODNOM OPREDELITELE NET NULEJ, TO IH MOVNO POLU^ITX, WYPOLNQQ S RQDAMI OPREDELITELQ RAZLI^NYE LINEJNYE OPERACII, A IMENNO: UMNOVITX \LEMENTY KAKOGO-LIBO RQDA NA ^ISLO I SLOVITX S SOOTWETSTWU@]IMI \LEMENTAMI DRUGOGO RQDA TAK, ^TOBY PRI \TOM KAKOJ-LIBO \LEMENT STAL RAWEN NUL@. sOGLASNO SWOJSTWU (9) WE- LI^INA OPREDELITELQ PRI \TOM NE IZMENITSQ. tAKIE DEJSTWIQ MOVNO PROWODITX NEOBHODIMOE ^ISLO RAZ.
7
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3: |
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1 |
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4 S1 + S2 |
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= |
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0 |
13 |
18 |
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;7 |
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;9 |
13 |
I |
7 S1 + S3 |
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0 |
;6 |
;30 |
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= 1 (;1)2 |
18 |
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= 6 |
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18 |
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;6 |
;30 |
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;1 |
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= 6 (65 ; 18) = 282: |
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zAMETIM, |
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^TO WSEGDA LEGKO POLU^ITX NULI, ESLI W OPREDELITELE ESTX |
1 ILI (;1): eSLI VE TAKIH \LEMENTOW NET, TO PUTEM ANALOGI^NYH LINEJNYH OPERACIJ NAD RQDAMI MOVNO SNA^ALA POLU^ITX 1 ILI (;1) WMESTO KAKOGO-LIBO \LEMENTA, A ZATEM POLU^ATX NULI, KAK W PRIWE- DENNOM WY[E PRIMERE.
4. oPREDELITELI PORQDKOW WY[E 3-GO WY^ISLQ@TSQ TAKVE PO
UNIWERSALXNOMU PRAWILU, NO S PREDWARITELXNYM ZANULENIEM \LEMEN- TOW KAKOGO-LIBO RQDA, KROME ODNOGO. tOGDA, NAPRIMER, WY^ISLENIE OPREDELITELQ 4-GO PORQDKA MOVNO SWESTI K WY^ISLENI@ ODNOGO OPRE- DELITELQ 3-GO PORQDKA.
rASSMOTRIM PRIMERY.
4:
5:
8
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pOLU^IM NULI |
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W TRETXEM |
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(;2) |
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STOLBCE PUTEM |
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pREDWARITELXNO POLU^IM (;1) |
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EDINICU W ^ETWERTOM |
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STOLBCE WMESTO ; 4: |
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pOLU^IM NULI |
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S20 = 3 |
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= W ^ETWERTOM |
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S0 = 5 |
S1 + S3 = |
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STOLBCE PUTEM: S4 |
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1( |
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16) = 17 |
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3)(46 |
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115 + 176) |
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pOLU^IM NULI |
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2 3 4 1 |
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6: |
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3 4 1 2 |
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W PERWOM |
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4 1 2 3 |
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;4 S1 + S4 |
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STOLBCE |
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pOLU^IM |
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NULI WO |
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0 ;2 ;8 ;10 |
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;7 S2 + S4 |
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WTOROM |
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STOLBCE: |
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;4 36 |
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;0 40 |
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- |
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pOLU^ILI OPREDELITELX TAK NAZYWAEMOJ WERHNEJ TREUGOLXNOJ MAT |
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RICY, W KOTOROJ WSE \LEMENTY, STOQ]IE NIVE GLAWNOJ DIAGONALI, RAWNY NUL@. oPREDELITELX TAKOJ MATRICY RAWEN PROIZWEDENI@ \LE- MENTOW, STOQ]IH NA GLAWNOJ DIAGONALI.
= 1 (;1) (;4) 40 = 160:
pRIMERY DLQ SAMOKONTROLQ |
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1 |
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= ;8: |
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;3 |
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= 55: |
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9
1.2. mATRICY I DEJSTWIQ NAD NIMI
o P R E D E L E N I E. ~ISLOWOJ MATRICEJ RAZMERA (m n) NA- ZYWAETSQ PRQMOUGOLXNAQ TABLICA ^ISEL, SOSTOQ]AQ IZ m STROK I n STOLBCOW:
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0 |
a11 |
a12 |
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a1n |
1 |
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A = |
a21 |
a22 |
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a2n |
= jjaijjj |
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@ |
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A |
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B am1 am2 |
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amn C |
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GDE i { PERWYJ INDEKS, POKAZYWA@]IJ NOMER STROKI, A |
j { WTOROJ |
INDEKS UKAZYWAET NA NOMER STOLBCA.
sTROKI I STOLBCY MATRICY NAZYWA@TSQ EE RQDAMI.
1.2.1. wIDY MATRIC.
rASSMOTRIM OSNOWNYE WIDY ^ISLOWYH MATRIC, S KOTORYMI MY BU- DEM IMETX DELO W DALXNEJ[EM.
1. |
pRQMOUGOLXNYE MATRICY RAZMERA (m n) : |
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4 |
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1 |
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4 |
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(2 4) |
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RAZMER |
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RAZMER (3 2) |
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2. |
mATRICA - STROKA RAZMERA |
(1 |
n) : |
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0 ;4 6 : : : 1 : |
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tAKAQ MATRICA SOSTOIT IZ ODNOJ STROKI I n STOLBCOW I ^ASTO NAZY- WAETSQ "WEKTOR-STROKA".
3. mATRICA - STOLBEC
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B |
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10 |
@ |
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A |
RAZMERA (m 1) : |
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tAKAQ MATRICA SOSTOIT |
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IZ ODNOGO STOLBCA |
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I m STROK |
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I ^ASTO NAZYWAETSQ |
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"WEKTOR ; STOLBCOM" |
:
4. kWADRATNAQ MATRICA PORQDKA |
n = 3 : |
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A3 |
= 0 |
32 |
;45 |
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17 1 |
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B |
1 |
;2 |
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3 |
C |
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@ |
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A |
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5. wERHNQQ I NIVNQQ TREUGOLXNYE MATRICY:
0 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
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0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
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0 |
;4 |
1 |
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5 |
0 |
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B |
0 |
0 |
;2 |
C |
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B |
4 |
;6 |
3 |
C |
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@ |
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A |
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@ |
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A |
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w WERHNEJ TREUGOLXNOJ MATRICE WSE \LEMENTY, STOQ]IE NIVE GLAW- NOJ DIAGONALI, RAWNY NUL@, A W NIVNEJ TREUGOLXNOJ MATRICE WSE \LEMENTY, STOQ]IE WY[E GLAWNOJ DIAGONALI, RAWNY NUL@.
6. dIAGONALXNAQ I SKALQRNAQ MATRICY:
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
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0 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
: |
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0 |
1 |
0 |
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0 |
5 |
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B |
0 |
;0 |
6 |
C |
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B |
0 |
0 |
5 |
C |
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@ |
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A |
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@ |
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A |
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w DIAGONALXNOJ MATRICE NENULEWYMI QWLQ@TSQ TOLXKO \LEMENTY, STOQ]IE NA GLAWNOJ DIAGONALI, A W SKALQRNOJ MATRICE WSE \TI \LE- MENTY DOLVNY BYTX ODINAKOWYMI.
7. eDINI^NAQ MATRICA: |
E = |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
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B |
0 |
1 |
0 |
C |
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0 |
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1 |
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@ |
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A |
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kAK WIDNO, W EDINI^NOJ MATRICE DIAGONALXNYE \LEMENTY RAWNY
EDINICE, A OSTALXNYE \LEMENTY RAWNY NUL@.
nAD MATRICAMI MOVNO WYPOLNQTX KAK LINEJNYE, TAK I NELINEJ- NYE OPERACII.
k LINEJNYM OPERACIQM OTNOSQTSQ:
1.sLOVENIE (WY^ITANIE) MATRIC.
2.uMNOVENIE MATRICY NA ^ISLO.
3.lINEJNAQ KOMBINACIQ MATRIC.
11