- •Preface
- •1. RF CMOS Transceivers
- •2. CMOS Short Range Wireless Transceivers
- •3. Wireless Transmission Protocols
- •4. CMOS PAs: Related Design Issues
- •5. CMOS PAs: Recent Progress
- •6. Motivation
- •7. Outline
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Conjugate Match and Load line Match
- •3. Effect of the Transistor Knee Voltage
- •4. Classification of Power Amplifiers
- •4.1 Class A, B, AB, and C PAs
- •4.2 Class E
- •4.3 Class F
- •5. Power Amplifier Linearization
- •5.1 Feed Forward
- •5.2 Doherty Amplifier
- •5.3 Envelope Elimination and restoration
- •5.4 Linear Amplification Using Nonlinear Components
- •6. Spectral Regrowth
- •7. Power Amplifier Stability Issues
- •8. Power Amplifier Controllability
- •9. Summary
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Class E PA Circuit Design
- •2.1 Driver Stage Design
- •2.2 Simulated Performance
- •3. Effect of Finite Ground inductance
- •4. Layout Considerations
- •5. Testing Procedures and Results
- •7. Summary
- •1. Introduction
- •2. CMOS Power Amplifier Design
- •2.1 Design of the Output Stage
- •2.2 Driver Stage
- •2.3 Power Control Implementation
- •3. Implementation and Simulation Results
- •4. Experimental Results
- •5. Summary
- •1. A CMOS PA for Class 2/3 Bluetooth
- •3. Simulations Results
- •3.1 Large Signal Simulations
- •3.2 Power Control
- •3.3 Gain and Matching
- •3.4 Stability
- •4. Conclusion
- •5. Summary
Chapter 4
A CMOS PA FOR BLUETOOTH
1.Introduction
Bluetooth is a wireless connectivity standard that provides low cost wireless voice and data communications to link mobile phones, PDA, PCs, digital cam- eras, and other portable information appliances. Bluetooth is considered to be a high speed, short distance wireless technology, working in the 2.4 GHz radio spectrum
Bluetooth devices essentially come in three classes, all using point-to-point communication. Class 3 devices operate at the 0 dBm range and are capable of transmitting 30 feet, through walls or other objects. Class 3 products are expected to include USB and PC-card devices. Class 2 devices operate at the
4 dBm range. The third class of devices is class 1. These devices operate at 20 dBm, which allows for the signal to travel about 300 feet. It is likely that common class 1 Bluetooth-enabled devices will be cordless phones and wireless modems. All Bluetooth classes are rated at about 1 Mb/s, with next generation products allowing anywhere from 2 to 12 Mb/s.
According to Table 4.1, A class 1 equipment with a maximum transmit power of 20dBm must be able to control its transmit power down to 4dBm or less [47]. The power control is used for limiting the transmitted power over 0 dBm. Power control capability under 0 dBm is optional and could be used for optimizing the power consumption and overall interference level. The power steps would form a monotonic sequence, with a maximum step of 8dB, and a minimum step of 2dB. Bluetooth-enables devices with power control capability optimizes the output power in a link with link manager protocol (LMP) commands. It is done by measuring the received signal strength using a Re- ceive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and reporting back, if the power should be increased or decreased.