Bookkeeping

Bookkeeping is the systematic recording of the monetary value of business transactions in a book of accounts.  It is the preliminary record-keeping stage of accounting.

The double entry system of bookkeeping enables a business to know at any time the value of each item that is owned, how much of this value is owed to creditors, and how much belongs to the business clear of debt.  It also indicates the portion of this debt-free ownership that is the result of the original investment in the company and the portion accruing from profits. 

One advantage of the double entry system is that its information is so nearly complete that it can be used as the basis for making business decisions.  Another advantage is that errors are readily detected, since the system is basing on two equations that must always balance.  The term asset means anything of value that is owned. 

Assets may be tangible, as are furniture and property, or intangible, as are stocks and good will. Assets belong to their owner, regardless of who possesses them and regardless of whether they were purchased with borrowed money.  All of a company's assets are either owed to someone else or are owned clear of debt.

 Liability is the amount that a business owes to another firm, to an individual, or to the government.  The amount that is not owed to anyone else but is owned free of debt is called the owner's equity in the firm. Since everything that is owned is either owed or is free of debt, assets equal liabilities plus equity. 

 This is called the accounting equation: Assets (owned) equals Liabilities (owed) plus Equity (clear of debt). Each of the assets and the liabilities and the equity is shown separately on a company's books and is called an account. 

An account has two sides, the left side (debit) and the right side (credit).  One is the increase side; the other is the decrease side.  All assets are increased on the debit side of the account, and any decrease in value is shown on the credit side. Liabilities and equity, the other half of the equation, are increased and decreased in the opposite manner. 

Задание 5. Найдите в тексте предложения с причастием I. Определите функцию причастия I в предложении.

Задание 6.Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых сказуемое выражено глаголом в Passive Voice. Укажите видовременную форму и инфинитив глагола.

Контрольная работа №3 вариант 3 Задание 1Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в соответствующую видовременную форму. Укажите эту форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The forwarding agent… goods through customs and was delivering them. (clear)

2. The production of furniture … sharply this year. (fall)

3. The prices for the majority of goods and services … a lot since you provided us with your quotations.( change)

4. The regional government … the assistance to the small business by the end of the year. (grant)

Задание 2. Переделайте данные предложения, изменив залог Active на Passive. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The falling of demand towards supply brings about recession and growing unemployment.

2. The ordinary commercial banks keep about half of their cash assets on current accounts wiyh the Central banks.

3. The bank will charge interest on the full amount of the loan even though the borrower might not draw on the full amount immediately.

4. The Taxation Ministry introduced new taxes ( the value added tax and the expanded property tax).

Задание 3. Подчеркните в предложениях ПричастиеI.

Определите, какую функцию в предложении оно выполняет. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Corporations are showing a greater willingness to file suit in order to stop infringement on their rights.

2. There was a movement to produce motor vehicles that would run on cleaner fuels raising doubts about the long-range demand for oil.

3. Not all businesses will suffer from declining demand in an inflationary period.

4. Having set up automatic teller machine networks for the customers to use their debit cards Groups of banks becomes able to withdraw cash.

Задание 4. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст на ру сский язык.