Practice and Improve Your Grammar part 2

8.Prices ….. (go) up. Everything is more expensive this year.

9.Someone ….. (turn) on the hi-fi. What's that song called?

10.….. (I / phone) the office at eleven to speak to the manager, but he isn't there today.

11.….. (I / make) a cake. Would you like a piece?

12.The runner Amos Temila ….. (break) the world record for the 1500 metres in Frankfurt. Then two days later in Helsinki, Lee Williams ran it in an even faster time.

EXERCISE 45. Things that have happened today are on the radio and TV news. Give the news using the present perfect and past simple. I've done it. I did it yesterday.

the Prime Minister / visit Luton University / speak to students there / earlier today

The Prime Minister has visited Luton University. He spoke to students there earlier today.

1.the train drivers / go on strike / stop work / at twelve o'clock

2.the Queen / arrive in Toronto / fly there / in an RAF aircraft

3.two men / escape from Parkhurst Prison / get away / during the night

4.the actor Howard Bates / die in a car accident / his car / crash into a wall

5.Linda [ones / win the women's marathon / run it / in 2 hours 27 minutes

EXERCISE 46. Complete the conversations. Structures with for, since and last.

Mike:	This car is filthy. I haven't been to the car wash for about a year.
Tom:	What! You mean it's twelve months since you last went to the car
	wash?
1. Laura:	I haven't used my camera recently. June was the last time I took a
	photo.
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Trevor: Really? I'm surprised you ….. June.

2.Rachel: I haven't seen Andrew for weeks. Daniel: Nor me. It's ….. him.

3.Tom: What about a game of cards? We haven't played since your

birthday.

David: Really? You mean my birthday….. cards?

4.Emma: I feel terrible. It's three days since I ate anything. Vicky: What did you say? You ….. three days?

EXERCISE 47. Complete this letter to a newspaper. Put in the present perfect or past simple. I've been or I was?

A few days ago I …learned… (learn) that someone plans to knock down the White Horse Inn. This pub …has been… (be) the centre of village life for centuries. It (1) ….. (stand) at our crossroads for 500 years. It (2) ….. (be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once (3) ….. (stay) there, they say. I (4) ….. live) in Brickfield all my life. The villagers (5) ….. (know) about the plans for less than a week and already there's a 'Save Our Pub' campaign. Last week we (6) ….. (be) happy, but this week we're angry. We will stop them, you'll see.

EXERCISE 48. Look at each conversation and choose the best sentence, a) or b). Have you (ever)...? and Did you (ever)...?

Have you heard about the woman walking across the US? ~ Yes, she's reached the Rockies. (…b…)

a)The walk is continuing, b) The walk has finished.

1.Have you ever played beach volleyball? ~ Yes, we played it on holiday.

a)The holiday is still going on. b) The holiday is over.

2.Did you know old Mr Green? ~ No, I never met him.

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a) Mr Green is probably alive, b) Mr Green is probably dead.

3. Wayne Johnson is a great footballer. ~ Yes, he's scored 200 goals for United. a) Wayne Johnson still plays for United, b) Wayne Johnson has left United.

EXERCISE 49. Put in this, last, today or yesterday.

Last month prices went up, but this month they have fallen a little.

1.It's been dry so far ….. week, but ….. week was very wet.

2.I went shopping earlier ….. and spent all the money I earned ….. .

3.We didn't have many visitors ….. year. We've had a lot more ….. year.

4.I don't feel so tired now. We got up quite late ….. morning. I felt really tired

…..when we got up so early.

EXERCISE 50. Put in the verbs. Present perfect or past simple?

Tom:	…Have you heard… (you / hear) the news about David?
Harriet:	No. (1) (what / happen)?
Tom:	(2) ….. (he / have) an accident. He was walking down some steps. (3)
	….. (he / fall) and (4) ….. (break) his leg.
Harriet:	Oh, how awful! When (5) ….. (it / happen)?
Tom:	Yesterday afternoon. Melanie (6) ….. (tell) me about it last night.

Harriet: Last night! (7) ….. (you / know) about it last night, and (8) ….. (you /

	not / tell) me!
Tom:	Well, (9) ….. (I / not / see) you last night. And (10) ….. (I / not / see)
	you today, until now.
Harriet:	I hope he's all right. (11) ….. (he / have) lots of accidents, you know.
	(12) ….. (he / do) the same thing about two years ago.

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		Future
		Future Simple
Formation:		affirmative		negative		interrogative
		sentences		sentences		sentences
						will + subject +
		will + bare		will + not + bare
		infinitive		infinitive		bare infinitive?
		(He will read this		(He will not read		(Will he read this
		book soon.)		this book soon.)		book soon?)

We can use shall with I or we to express determination or in questions to make offers or suggestions.

We will forgive, but we shall never forget. Shall I make some tea?

Use

The Future Simple is used for:

• factual predictions:

Inflation will almost certainly increase by 9 % over the next twelve months.

• habits of which the speaker disapproves:

Dick is very lazy. He will spend the whole day lying in bed.

• an assumption taken from the facts:

“The phone is ringing.” – “That will be Harry. I’m expecting him to phone.”

• an immediate decision:

“I feel cold.” – “I will close the window.”

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		Future Continuous
	Formation:	affirmative	negative	interrogative
		sentences	sentences	sentences
		will + be +	will + not + be +	will + subject + be +
		participle I	participle I	participle I?
		(You will be	(You will not be	(Will you be
		working at 11	working at 11	working at 11
		o’clock	o’clock	o’clock
		tomorrow.)	tomorrow.)	tomorrow?)

Use

The Future Continuous is used for:

•future actions in progress at a particular time:

This time next week I will be lying on the beach.

•an event that has already been arranged for a future date:

The Rolling Stones will be performing in Moscow in August. I will be sending in my application tomorrow.

•very formal requests:

Will you be wanting anything else?

EXERCISE 51. Tell other students about your actions at a particular time in the future.

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		Future Perfect
	Formation:	affirmative	negative	interrogative
		sentences	sentences	sentences
		will + have +	will + not + have	will + subject +
		participle II	+ participle II	have + participle II?
		(Diana will have	(Diana will not	(Will Diana have
		finished her work	have finished her	finished her work
		by tomorrow.)	work by	by tomorrow.)
			tomorrow.)

Use

The Future Perfect is used for:

•time looked back on from a future point:

Harry will have read this book by tomorrow.

•an assumption on the part of the speaker:

You won’t have heard the news, of course. (=I assume you have not heard the news.)

EXERCISE 52. Tell other students about your achievements in the future.

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		Future Perfect Continuous
	Formation:	affirmative	negative	interrogative
		sentences	sentences	sentences
		will + have + been	will + not + have	will + subject +
		+ participle I	+ been +	have + been +
		(He will have	participle I	participle I?
		been reading this	(He will not have	(Will he have been
		book.)	been reading this	reading this
			book.)	book?)

Use

The Future Perfect Continuous is used for:

• an action lasting from a point before that time up to that future time:

On the 5th of this month I will have been working here for 15 years.

Present Simple

Use

The Present Simple is used for:

•future events in a schedule or timetable:

This flight arrives tomorrow morning.

•future actions in clauses after subordinating conjunction:

We will see you when we get back.

Present Continuous

Use

The Present Continuous is used for:

• a future action we have planned or arranged:

I am seeing the doctor on Friday.

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•personal plans and intentions (with be going to):

What are you going to do now?

•decisions about the future (with be going to):

I am going to phone the police.

• situations when the cause of a possible event is present:

Look at the colour of the sky! It is going to rain.

Future Simple – Present Continuous

Use

•We use the Future Simple for a prediction based on past experience or knowledge, especially in predictive conditionals, and be going to for a prediction based on what we feel or think now:

As soon as this team lands in London, thousands of fans will start celebrating. If you eat too much, you will be sick.

We have just heard that Ann is going to have a baby.

We use can use would or was/were going to when we describe a past prediction about the future:

When I was 10 years old, I thought I was going to be a famous actor and I would never have to work.

•We use the Future Simple for a decision made at that moment and be going to for a decision already made.

“I feel cold.” – “I will close the windows.”

I have decided I am going to buy a new phone.

Other ways of referring to the future

• be to is used to describe arrangements with future reference:

The competition is to take place in May.

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•be (just) about to is used to describe what is going to happen very soon:

We were about to go to bed when he came.

•be on the point of is used to describe what is going to happen very soon (it has a more formal meaning than about to):

I am on the point of leaving this company.

•be due to do, be due is used to describe what is expected to happen:

The bus is due to arrive at any moment.

• hope, expect, think, believe, doubt whether (hope can be followed by will or a present tense):

I don’t think you will like this book.

I doubt whether she will be here in time. I hope you have/will have a good time.

EXERCISE 53. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1.I will be back after a few minutes/in a few minutes.

2.“What would you like to eat?” – “I will have/I have the roast beef, please.”

3.The conference is going to begin/begins next Monday morning at 10.00.

4.Sorry I can’t come on Monday afternoon. I’m going to work/I’m working on an important project.

5.Why don’t you give him this cheap watch instead of the expensive one! He won’t have known/won’t know the difference!

EXERCISE 54. Put each verb in brackets into the correct tense.

1.In twelve hours’ time I … (relax) on my friend’s yacht.

2.By the time you come back we … (leave).

3.Kate … (be) back in two hours.

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4.What … (you/do) this Friday evening?

5.By the end of the week I … (decide) what to do.

6.“There’s someone at the door.” – “That … (be) John.”

7.We … (contact) you the moment we … (have) any news.

8.According to the latest forecast, the bridge … (finish) next year.

9.I don’t feel like visiting my sister so I … (not/go).

10.Don’t worry about your mistake, nobody … (notice).

11.They … (get) married next weekend.

12.He believes his party … (win) the election easily.

PASSIVE VOICE

The Uses of the Passive

► Change of focus

Max won the prize. (focus on Max)

The prize was won by Max. (focus on the prize)

► Impersonal style

Passives are often used when general information is presented in an impersonal way (not intended for a particular person):

•in rules and warning notices:

Parking is prohibited.

•in descriptions of procedures, especially in research reports:

Fifty students were given a test in which they were asked to answer

100questions.

•in other types of formal written reports where personal reference (I, we) is typically avoided:

In the past year five new machine tools were purchased.

We can use passives when we want to avoid:

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