Practice and Improve Your Grammar part 2

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ВЯТСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Гуманитарный факультет

Кафедра иностранных языков

Л. В. ДУБОВЦЕВА К. И. КРОПАЧЕВА

Practice and Improve Your Grammar

Практический курс английской грамматики

Учебное пособие Часть 2

Киров

2014

ББК Ш 143.21 (07) Д796

Рекомендовано к изданию методическим советом гуманитарного факультета ФГБОУ ВПО «ВятГУ»

Допущено редакционно-издательской комиссией методического совета ФГБОУ ВПО «ВятГУ» в качестве учебного пособия для студентов направления 035700.62 «Лингвистика»

Рецензенты:

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВПО «ВятГУ»

И.В. Романова; кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка № 2

МГЮА, филиал в г. Кирове И. В. Островский

Дубовцева, Л. В.

Д796 Practice and Improve Your Grammar. Практический курс английской грамматики. Часть 2: учебное пособие / Л. В. Дубовцева, К. И. Кропачева. – Киров: ФГБОУ ВПО «ВятГУ», 2014. – 150 с.

ББК Ш 143.21 (07)

В издании содержатся правила на грамматические модели английского языка и упражнения, направленные на их практическое применение. Охватываются такие аспекты как личные формы глагола, страдательный залог, модальные глаголы, условные предложения, косвенная речь.

Тех. редактор Е. В. Кайгородцева

© ФГБОУ ВПО «ВятГУ», 2012

2

Verbs

General Information

The verb is a notional part of speech. It denotes dynamic process, or process developing in time, including not only actions (to build, to run), but also states, forms of existence (to be, to become, to lie), various types of attitude and feelings (to appreciate, to dislike), etc.

The verb has several categories: person (the first person – the speaker, the second person – the person spoken to, the third person – the person or thing spoken about) and number (the singular and the plural), tense (absolutive (the past, the present and the future) and non-absolutive), aspect (continuous (progressive) and non-continuous (indefinite, simple); perfect and non-perfect), voice (active and passive), mood (indicative and oblique), finitude (finite and non-finite forms).

New verbs can be formed in the following ways:

1)by adding a prefix (little => to belittle, bus => to debus; to read => to reread, to react => to overreact);

2)by adding a suffix (wide => to widen, active => to activate, class => to classify, critic => criticize);

3)by means of composition (chit + chat => to chit-chat);

4)by means of conversion (pale => to pale, dog => to dog);

5)by means of shortening (to telephone => to phone);

6)by means of back-formation (editor => to edit, beggar => to beg);

7)by means of sound and stress interchange (blood => to bleed, full => to fill,

advice => to advise, export ['ekspt :t] => to export [ik'spt :t]). The function of finite forms of verbs the function of a predicate.

Verbs can be divided into notional, functional and semi-functional verbs. Notional verbs are independent in the expression of the process and have full

3

nominative value (to work, to build, to like). Functional and semi-functional (or semi-notional) verbs have partial nominative value. They are subdivided into auxiliary and link verbs. Auxiliary verbs are used to build the analytical grammatical forms of notional verbs (has seen, are told). Link verbs connect the nominative part of a predicate (a predicative) with a subject (I am a student. Jane looked exhausted.).

Verbs can be transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs denote an action directed toward a certain object. Only constructions with transitive verbs are transformed from active into passive.

Verbs

Active Voice

Present Simple

	affirmative	negative	interrogative
Formation:	sentences	sentences	sentences
the 1st person	bare infinitive	do + not + bare	do + subject +
singular (I), the	(You work really	infinitive	bare infinitive?
2nd person	hard.)	(You don’t work	(Do you work
singular/plural		really hard.)	really hard?)
(you), the 1st
person plural
(we), the 3rd
person plural
(they)

4

the 3rd person		bare infinitive +				does + not + bare		does + subject +
singular (he, she,		(e)s				infinitive		bare infinitive?
it)		(He works really				(He doesn’t work		(Does he work
		hard.)				really hard.)		really hard?)
		Exceptions:
	to be					to have
								we have
I am		we are				I have
								you have
you are		you are				you have
he is						he has
she is		they are				she has		they have
it is						it has

Spelling (the 3rd person singular):

• We add -s to most verbs:

to let => lets, to drive => drives

• We add -es to verbs ending in -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -o:

to miss => misses, to fix => fixes, to push => pushes, to clench => clenches, to go => goes

•If a verb ends in a consonant + y, we change the y to i and add -es: to carry => carries, to fly => flies

•If a verb ends in a vowel + y, we add only -s:

to play => plays, to enjoy => enjoys, to buy => buys

Pronunciation (the 3rd person singular):

•We pronounce -s as [s] after voiceless consonants: lets [lets], works [wə:ks], laughs [lα:fs]

•We pronounce -s as [z] after voiced consonants and vowels: adds [ædz], fills [filz], plays [pleiz], goes [gəuz]

5

• We pronounce -es as [iz] after [s, z, , , t , d ]:

passes ['pαsiz], closes ['kləuziz], pushes ['pu iz], rouges ['ru: iz], clenches

['klent iz], manages ['mænid iz]

Use

The Present Simple is used for:

•facts and permanent states:

John lives in England. Ann has green eyes.

•truths or laws of nature:

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

• repeated/habitual actions:

They usually get up at 10 o’clock. We always play football on Fridays.

•timetables/programmes/itineraries (with a future meaning):

The train for Moscow leaves at 11.45 on Sunday. On day three we visit London.

•reviews/sports commentaries:

Baker passes to Cook who shoots.

•informal spoken instructions (usually with you):

You open this box.

•headlines:

Four Die in Plane Crash.

• summaries of events (plots of stories, films etc, and summaries of historical events):

May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end.

…At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred caused the death of the lovers…

6

• “historic present” in narrative and funny stories:

A man goes to see his psychiatrist. He says he is having problems because he imagines he is a pair of curtains. The psychiatrist tells him to pull himself together.

• the expressions “here comes”, “there goes”, “here lies”:

Here lies Richard White. (written on a tomb) There goes a brave soldier!

Here comes trouble!

Adverbs

never	rarely	sometimes	often	usually
always	every day	every year …

EXERCISE 1. Conjugate the following verbs in Present Simple and read them.

1. understand	4. do	7. catch	10. know	13. paint
2. try	5. bring	8. say	11. walk	14. carry
3. write	6. mix	9. think	12. dress	15. have

EXERCISE 2. Look at each underlined verb and say what kind of meaning it expresses. Is it a thought, a feeling, a fact or a repeated action?

Matthew loves sport. a feeling

Sarah often works late at the office. a repeated action

1.I hate quiz programmes.

2.We play table tennis every Thursday.

3.The computer belongs to Emma.

4.These plates cost £20 each.

7

5.I believe it's the right thing to do.

6.I'm hungry. I want something to eat.

7.I usually go to work by bus.

8.It's OK. I understand your problem.

EXERCISE 3. Complete the sentences by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple. You have to decide if the verb is positive or negative.

Claire is very sociable. She knows (know) lots of people.

We've got plenty of chairs, thanks. We don't want (want) any more.

1.My friend is finding life in Paris a bit difficult. He ….. (speak) French.

2.Most students live quite close to the college, so they ….. (walk) there.

3.My sports kit is really muddy. This shirt ….. (need) a good wash.

4.I've got four cats and two dogs. I ….. (love) animals.

5.No breakfast for Mark, thanks. He ….. (eat) breakfast.

6.What's the matter? You ….. (look) very happy.

7.Don't try to ring the bell. It ….. (work).

8.I hate telephone answering machines. I just ….. (like) talking to them.

9.Matthew is good at badminton. He ….. (win) every game.

10.We always travel by bus. We ….. (own) a car.

EXERCISE 4. Complete the conversation. Put in the present simple forms.

Rita:	…Do you like… (you / like) football, Tom?
Tom:	…I love… (I / love) it. I'm a United fan. (1) ….. (I / go) to all
	their games. Nick usually (2) ….. (come) with me. And (3) … (we /
	travel) to away games, too. Why (4) ….. (you / not / come) to a
	match some time?
	8

Rita:	I'm afraid football (5) ….. (not / make) sense to me – men running
	after a ball. Why (6) ….. (you / take) it so seriously?
Tom:	It's a wonderful game. (7) ….. (I / love) it. United are my whole
	life.
Rita:	How much (8) ….. (it / cost) to buy the tickets and pay for the
	travel?
Tom:	A lot. (9) ….. (I / not / know) exactly how much. But (10) …. (that /
	not / matter) to me. (11) ….. (I / not / want) to do anything else.
	(12) ….. (that / annoy) you?
Rita:	No, (13) ….. (it / not / annoy) me. I just (14) ….. (find) it a bit sad.

		Present Continuous
Formation:		affirmative		negative		interrogative
		sentences		sentences		sentences
						be + subject +
I am reading		be + participle I		be + not +
You are reading		(I am reading a		participle I		participle I?
He is reading		book.)		(I am not reading		(Am I reading a
She is reading				a book.)		book?)
It is reading
We are reading
You are reading
They are reading

Spelling (participle I):

• We drop the mute -e before -ing:

to hope => hoping, to drive => driving

9

•We don’t drop the mute -e before -ing if a word ends in -ee or when the final - e is the only vowel in the word:

to see => seeing, to be => being

•We double the final consonant if the vowel before it is stressed and short:

to stop => stopping, to chat => chatting

•We don’t double the final consonant if there is another consonant (or several consonants) before it:

to catch => catching

•We double the final consonant -r in a stressed syllable even if the vowel before it is long:

to refer => referring

•We double the final consonant -l even in an unstressed syllable (in British English) if the vowel before it is short:

to travel => travelling

•We change the final -ie into -y before -ing:

to die => dying

• We don’t change the final -y before -ing: to buy => buying, to study => studying

Use

The Present Continuous is used for:

• actions in progress:

Listen to me attentively. I am explaining the theory.

•talking about being in the middle of an activity (this activity may not be going on at the exact moment of speaking):

Don’t take this book. My brother is reading it.

•complaints about annoying habits (usually with the following adverbs: constantly, continually, forever, always):

10