YES

extraordinary range of new building projects – from bridges and art galleries to airports and corporate headquarters. Although several commercial practices specialise in office blocks and shopping malls, these companies have (3) ………….

of the scope, invention or cultural drive of the two most influential firms British architecture has ever known.

Their dominance is (4) …………….. new. Nearly 15 years ago the Royal Academy included their work in a glamorous show of the most influential British architects of the time. Foster was represented by the headquarters of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in Hong Kong and Rogers – by he Lloyd's Building in the City of London. These buildings were as distinctive then as they are now: (5)

……………….. was controversial and has since been acclaimed a masterpiece. (6)

………………… proved that, at the time, Foster and Rogers could produce more inventive and memorable buildings than almost (7) ……………….. else.

In some ways (8) ……………… Foster and Rogers are outsiders from the middle class mainstream of British architects, who tend to find it hard to let go and let their imaginations rip. And, unlike such architects, (9) …………. of them ever made a distinction between cultural and commercial architecture. Lloyd's and the Hongkong Bank linked their fortunes to (10) …………… of mega-finance and they have not looked back since. Yet even if Foster and Rogers were merely efficient, businesslike architects these factors would not be enough to explain their dominance of the architectural top twenty. What matters is that they have created – consistently, convincingly and with only a (11) …………. mistakes along the way – (12) …………… of the most exciting, memorable and enjoyable buildings of the past 20 years.

Task 2

For questions 1 - 10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

LA TOURETTE MONASTERY

Great architecture has never been dependent on the

(0) expenditure of vast sums of money. One of the greatest SPEND buildings of all time is the monastery of Sainte-Marie de

la Tourette near Lyon, consecrated in 1960 and built cheaply

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from that most (1) ……….. of building materials – concrete.	PRETEND
Yet here is a building that is at once as poor and as rich as
the mendicant monks for whom it was designed
and built. Poor in terms of cost and the materials used to
build it, rich in ideas and (2) ………….. .	SPIRIT
Today, much new architecture is slick and polished, erected
by teams of (3) ………… working to design through very	CONTRACT
(4) ………… computer programs. The buildings, whether office	RELY
blocks, shopping malls or schools, are (5) …………… in	COST
absolute terms, yet generally good value for money. Most,
however, are (6) ………………… or even cynical.	SOUL
La Tourette, by contrast, is a tour de force. Set high on a
ridge (7) ………….. the vineyards of Beaujolais country,	LOOK
this college and monastery was (8) …………. from the	MISSION
great architect Le Corbusier in 1953. La Tourette marked
a profound change in Le Corbusier's approach to architecture;
a move away from the severe, white geometry of his pre-war years.
It also (9) …………. a new architecture for a church trying to	PRESENT
come to terms with a world of (10) ………….. and progress.	MODERN

Task 3

For Questions 1-15, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a plus (+) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word on the line. There are two examples at the beginning (0 and 00). Explain your choice.

0	MOVING HOUSE		had
	My family and I had recently moved from London to a suburb and we
00	are still not used to it. We miss our old neighbours and keep		+
1	getting lost when we go visit to the shops. My father thought it	____
2	would be a good idea to move out of the city, and live in a most	____
3	cleaner and less polluted area. The pace of life here is much more	____
4	slower. There are lots of trees, traditional houses and there is a park	____
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5	down of the street, which has a children’s playground, a lake, a	____
6	bandstand and a coffee shop. There is also a swimming pool	____
7	nearby and an ice skating rink, so we will have plenty to do	____
8	when we have been finished unpacking and settled down. I	____
9	used to get home from the work at six thirty, but now I get home	____
10	one half an hour later. It also means I have to get up earlier in the	____
11	mornings to get to the office on time and I feel tired by the end of	____
12	the day. My father does not himself work, as he has retired, so	____
13	it is not a problem for him. He spends his time either by helping my	____
14	mother, gardening, or getting to know how the area. I think we will	____
15	soon grow fond of the place and enjoy living in the countryside.	____

PART IV. WRITING

1.Your teacher has asked you to write a discription of the most famous building in your town for the university magazine. Write your article including historical facts as well as describing its exterior and interior.

2.Describe a new shop in your town which you feel will be successful, give reasons for your opinion.

3.You are a reporter for an international travel magazine. The magazine is publishing a series of articles about castles. Write an article describing a famous castle, including its history and a description of both the exterior and interior.

4.You have recently spent the weekend at your employer’s cottage. Write a letter to him/her, outlining what you enjoyed most about your visit and inviting him/her to visit you at your own house in the near future.

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UNIT 3

MEALS AND COOKING

PART I. LISTENING

Task 1

1.Extracts

a)Listen to each extract. Focus on the speaker's main idea – don't worry if you don't understand every word. You will hear each extract twice.

b)Choose one of the options after listening the first time. If you don't know an answer, have a guess and go on to the next question.

c)Listen again to check your answers. Make sure the other options could not be correct.

You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer А, В or С.

1. You hear the beginning of a radio programme about food. What does the presenter say is most surprising about the website he's describing?

A the number of recipes available

В the way that different flavours have been combined

Сthe fact that one ingredient appears in so many of the recipes

2. You hear an old woman talking about vegetarianism. What is she doing when she speaks?

A supporting the principles of vegetarianism В doubting the seriousness of many vegetarians С explaining why she has become a vegetarian

3. You hear part of an interview with a woman who is in favour of organically-grown food. What opinion is she expressing?

A Only food grown locally should be labelled as organic. В It's best to avoid the organic sections of supermarkets. СEven commercially produced organic food is a good thing.

4. You hear part of a radio discussion about travel guidebooks. What does Graham find disappointing about the book called The Ultimate Guide!

A the range of information included В the quality of the illustrations

С the clarity of the descriptions

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5.	In a radio play, you hear two people talking about pizza.
Where is this scene taking place?
	A in their home
	В in a restaurant
	С in a supermarket
6.	You hear part of a radio programme about looking for a job on the Internet.

Which group of people is being described? A unemployed people

В people dissatisfied with their jobs

Сpart-time workers looking for full-time jobs

7.You hear a radio news report about a scientific conference. What is the main aim of the experiment described?

A to attract attention to an idea for a new product В to demonstrate the power of marketing

Сto get funding for a new area of research

8. You hear the owner of a large restaurant talking about her work. What is her main aim in running the restaurant?

A encouraging competition between the chefs

В ensuring a standardised product for the customers

С involving all the staff in checking the quality of the food

Task 2

Before you listen

What do you know about the world health?

1 Which nationalities do you think have particularly healthy or unhealthy lifestyles? What are the reasons for this?

2 What are the most common diseases in the world today? Are some more common in specific countries?

Sentence completion

You will hear an interview about health and diet in some countries around the world. For questions 1-10, complete the sentences. The first one is done for you.

1.A growing problem in Britain today is the number of overweight children.

2.Penny believes that improving the quality of __________ will have a big

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effect on the nation’s health.

3.At the moment, the British spend four times as much on food for

__________ than for schoolchildren.

4.In a traditional Japanese diet, _____________ of their calories come from carbohydrates.

5.The Inuit of Greenland are an extremely _____________ population.

6.A link between omega-3 oils and better _____________ has only just been found.

7.Eating curries could be the reason why many elderly Indians still have good ___________.

8.It is now thought that drinking ___________ could be good for the health.

9.Penny says the French tend to eat fewer ___________ than the British.

10.Penny points out that French people may stay slim because of the timing of their __________.

Discuss these questions.

1 Were you surprised by anything you heard in the interview? 2 How does your country compare to the ones you heard about?

PART II. READING

Task 1

Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-H for each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A.Simplicity is the key to success

B.Identifying a need for further changes

C.Achieving the same standard worldwide

D.A model for other companies to follow

E.Responding to the changing demands of the customer

F.A challenge to the basic idea of fast food

G.Gradual acceptance of the benefits

H.A surprising amount of evidence

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HOW FAST-FOOD GIANTS CHANGED THE WORLD 0____________H___________________________________________________

When future archaeologists start digging up the remains of modern western civilisation, they will be astonished at how many hamburger and pizza boxes they come across. For over the last 50 years, the passion for what has become known as 'fast food' has created both a social revolution and an enormous amount of wealth.

1_________________________________________________________________

The story of fast food began in the USA in the 1930s and 1940s, a result of the country’s love affair with dial other great innovation of the twentieth century, the automobile. Indeed, in southern California, people were becoming so attached to their cars that they were happy to spend all evening in them. Realising that this was bad for trade, restaurants began to employ waitresses known as “car hops”. Their job was to carry trays of food out to those customers who preferred eating in their vehicles in the car park to sitting round a table in the traditional manner.

2_________________________________________________________________

Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald ran one of these 5 successful “drive-in” restaurants in a town near Los Angeles. The business was not without its problems, however: staff were always leaving for higher-paid jobs, and the teenagers who were their main customers were constantly breaking or stealing the crockery and cutlery. So the McDonalds decided to look again at the basic idea of the take-away restaurant to see if they could find a way round these drawbacks.

3_________________________________________________________________

In 1948 they came up with the solution – a completely new method of providing customers with food. They decided to streamline the process by keeping it as straightforward and uncomplicated as possible. For example, they got rid of two-thirds of the items on the menu, including anything that had to be eaten with a knife, fork or spoon. Meanwhile, the kitchen became like a factory with machines doing most of the cooking and each unskilled employee performing just one routine task according to strict rules and regulations.

4_________________________________________________________________

What the McDonald brothers had understood was the importance of uniformity. The success of any fast-food chain depends on the reliability of its product. Consumers can order a “Big Mac” at any McDonald’s on the planet and know exactly what they will get. In order to achieve this guaranteed level of 55 quality, the food must be heavily processed and the whole system of food

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preparation must be tightly controlled. McDonald’s has a handbook for employees which contains precise 60 instructions on how everything is to be cooked, from how thick the French fries should be to how far apart burgers should be placed on the grill.

5_________________________________________________________________

The fast-food industry now employs millions of people worldwide. McDonald's alone now trains more new workers every year than the US army. It is the largest owner of retail property in the world and its corporate symbol, the golden arches, is recognised everywhere. Inspired by the success of the McDonald brothers, dozens of lookalike fast-food chains have spread out across the world from the USA. And the influence of the McDonald approach can be seen throughout the service economy. There are now chains of coffee bars, shops and all manner of other businesses which benefit from being organised according to the same principles.

6_________________________________________________________________

Although fast food does have its good points – it’s convenient, cheap and tasty – there are some people who question its long-term appeal. The leading US chains are no longer growing so quickly, and some people have linked this slowdown with a new attitude towards food in the western world. As people increasingly turn to the healthier lifestyle associated with fresh produce, local food and old-fashioned methods of food preparation, it will be interesting to see whether the fast-food industry has perhaps had its day.

Task 2

You are going to read a magazine article about various people who have run restaurants. For Questions 1-14, choose from the people (A-D).

They had children who accepted what their parents did.		0	B
When they started, they did not serve the food they would have liked to.		1 ___
They paid to eat good food even as students.		2 ___
They get some private time together every day.		3 ___
People can also stay overnight at their restaurant.		4 ___
They did not originally plan to do the cooking themselves.		5 ___
People have to make a special effort to reach the restaurant.	6 ___	7 ___
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They consider that contact with the customers is essential.		8 ___
They found some customers very difficult.		9 ___
The quality of the restaurant has been officially recognised.	10 ___	11 __
They may have another attempt at running a restaurant.		12 __
They did not benefit financially from opening the restaurant.		13 __
They allow themselves a break from the restaurant every year.		14 __

WOULDN'T IT BE FUN TO RUN A RESTAURANT!

People – ordinary, sane, decent but untrained people – have decided that it would be wonderful to start their own restaurant.

A

Roger Bates knew he wanted his own restaurant when he was 23. But he didn't make his move until he was 39. The property he and his wife, Sandra, bought is a restaurant with rooms for guests, which is down a quiet lane on the wooded slopes of a beautiful valley. “People will come and find you if you are good enough. That was the challenge.” Roger says the only unpredicted difficulty was the attitude of some of the customers. “It was hard to get used to being treated like servants.” For Sandra, the most demanding part was the physical work. She also had the difficulty of taking over someone else’s staff and someone else’s menus. She gradually changed the menus, and she has a little more time off now that the business is established.

B

Tony and Gina Wignell of Strathlachlan in Scotland, have spent their whole lives in the hotel and catering industry. They have made one major sacrifice, however, as by moving into a restaurant they have taken a considerable drop in income for a better quality of life. Tony and Gina used to manage a hotel, which provided financial security but never-ending work. Moving to the restaurant has meant working seven days a week in the high season, but they can make time for themselves by shutting in the afternoon. And by closing down entirely during the off-season, they get a clear two months off. But they found it hard to combine being in the restaurant trade with bringing up a family. Despite this they carried on and their children, now 18 and 20, look back and say that they never realised that there was any other life.

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C

It's a similar story for Tina Bricknell-Webb and her husband Tony. “I’m on my feet for such long hours. You have to be incredibly strong to do this job.” Tina's first experience of cooking in a restaurant was when the chef walked out three days after it opened. Gradually, her confidence has built up. For Tony and Tina the hard work has been made worthwhile by a special award for excellent food. Tony believes their restaurant works because they run the show themselves. “If you have a place like this, the customers want to see you there every time they come in. You’re an actor and they’ve bought your performance with the price of a dinner.” Clearly proud of their achievement, the Bricknell-Webbs admit there have been sacrifices. They have no social life and no children. If they did start a family, the restaurant would have to go.

D

David and Jane Blackford found this to be true. When their restaurant opened for business they had two small children. “When they were very small we could manage by putting them to bed early but later there was a real conflict of interest. On Saturdays and Sundays we’d sit them down in front of videos. I ended up feeling it was David and the restaurant against me and the children.” When David caught pneumonia, they made their decision. The family had to come first. “One day we may have another adventure in the restaurant trade, but for the time being putting up the ‘closed’ sign has been a great relief.”

E

Perhaps David and Hilary Brown have the most perfect arrangement. Ever since they met at school in their teens they had dreamt of having a restaurant. While other teenagers went out to clubs, David and Hilary saved up to go to restaurants. When they saw a little restaurant for sale outside Edinburgh, they couldn’t resist. Now the restaurant, which holds thirty people, is their whole life. It is well known for its food and appears in the best guide books, so people are prepared to travel long distances to eat there.

Task 3

If you had an opportunity what kind of restaurant would you open? What type of food would you serve? Use the words and ideas from tasks 1 – 2 part Reading.

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