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02-09-2014_16-40-43 / 2013 Пакеты прикладных программ

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=1363,64 TbIC. p.;
= 1090,91 TbIC. p.

0KOH'taHue ma6A. 12. 6

 

 

 

 

 

Il)1;06

fo.a

AMP

AMf,l(

,[(06

MOB

c rrepexo.aoM

6eJ rrepexo.aa

 

 

 

 

 

Ha paBHO-

Ha paBHO-

 

 

 

 

 

MepHbIH Mero.a

MepHbIH Mero.a

8

750,00

409,09

278,35

335,54

6714,85

6657,82

9

750,00

272,73

210,99

268,44

7107,43

6926,26

10

750,00

136,36

159,93

214,75

7500,00

7141,01

 

7500

7500

7499,08

7141,01

-

-

<l>YJIKIUUI AMP. c IIOMOIIJ,b10 3TOM Q>yttKIJ;lUf BbI'UfCJUllOTCHO'fllHC-

JieHMH Ha aMopTMJau;mo HM)'lll,eCTBaJa o;:urn pacqeTHhIM rrep1m.n: paBHoMepHhIM MeTo.n;oM. B 3TOM cJiyqae aMopTMJaUHOHHhie O'fllHCJieHMH 0.ll:MHaKOBbie, a COBOKYJIHhie O'fllHCJieHMHK KOHizy IIOCJie.n;Hero pacqeTHOfO rrepMo.n:a paBHbl CTOHMOCTH aMOpTM3MpyeMoro HMyIIJ,eCTBa.

CwHTaKcwc AMP(CTOHMOCTh;JIHKBH;:IHaH_ CTOHMOCTh;BpeMH_ 3Kcn-

JiyaTaUHH).

IlpH paBHOMepHOM MeTo.n:e pacqeTa 3a KruK,llbIM ro.n: aMOpTH3all;MH

cocTaBHT: AMP(8000;500; 10) =750 ThIC. p.

~ AMf,[(. 3Ta Q>yttKIJ;MH rroJBomi:eT paccqwTaTh aMopTMJaUHOHHhie O'flllfCJieHMH.n:mi: 3a.n;aHHOfO rrepwo.n:a MeTO.ll:OM CyMMbl qlfceJI, KOTOpbIM xapaKTepw3yeTCH IIOCTOHHHhIM IIOHIDKeHHeM aMOpTH3all;HOHHhIX O'flllfCJieHHMIf o6ecrreqlfBaeT IIOJIHOe B03MeIIJ,eHHe aMopTlf3HpyeMOM CTOHMOCTH HMyIIJ,eCTBa. AMopTM3all;HH .n:mi: 3a.n;aHHOfO

rrepwo.n:a

D _ (c-s)(T-t+1)2

 

(12.57)

I -

T (T + 1)

,

 

r.n:e c - HaqaJibHaH CTOHMOCTb HM)'lll,eCTBa;s -

 

OCTaToqHaH CTOHMOCTb

HM)'lll,ecrna; T - cpoK 3KCIIJIYaTaUHH (qwcJio rrepwo.n:oB aMopTHJauww); t - rrepwo.n:, Ha KOTOpbIM Tpe6yeTCH BblqlfCJIHTb aMOpTH3au;mo.

CHHTaKCHC AMfJl(CTOHMOCTh;JIHKBH;:IHaH_ CTOHMOCTh;)IGl3Hh;rrepMo.n:).

AMopTMJaUMH Ja rrepBhIM H TpeTHM ro.n;hI 3KCIIJiyaTau;ww cooTBeTCTBeHHO COCTaBHT:

AMf)l(8000;500; 1O;1)

AMf)l(8000;500; 10;3)

<l>YJIKIUUI ,[(0.6. C IIOMOIIJ,b10 Q>yttKIJ;HH )lQJ) BbJqlfCJUllOTCH O'fllHCJieHMH Ha aMOpTH3all;H10 HM)'lll,eCTBa.n:mi: 3a.n;aHHOfO rrepwo.n:a c HCIIOJib30BaHHeM MeTo.n:a IIOCTOHHHOfO yqeTa. <l>HKCHpOBaHHaH HOpMa aMOPTH3all;Hlf

(12.58)

190

C)'MMaaMopnna1.1;in1 3a nepBbIH nepno.u 3KCIIJiyaTaUHH

 

D1 =cH 12m ,

(12.59)

r.ue m - qncJIO MeCHUeB B nepBOM ro.uy aMopTH3aUHH. C)'MMaaMopTH3aUHH 3a nocJie.UHHH nepno.u 3KCIIJIYaTaUHH

12-m

(12.60)

Dr= (c-a)H 12'

r.ue a - HaKOIIJieHHaH C)'MMaaMOpTH3aUHH 3a npe,UbI.uyIUHe nepHO,Ubl. C)'MMaaMopTH3aUHH ,UJIH ocTaJihHhIX nepwo,aoB 3KCIIJIYaTaUHH

Dr= (c-a)H.

(12.61)

CnHTaKCHC Ll:OB(cTOHMOCTh;ocTaTOqHaH_CTOHMOCTh;BpeMH_3KCIIJIYaTauww;nepwo,a;MecHu).

C)'MMhIaMopTH3aunw 3a nepBbIH, TpeTHH H nocJie.UHHH ro,abI 3KCIIJIYaTaUHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO COCTaBHT:

Ll:0.5(8000;500;10;1)= 1936 TbIC. p.; Ll:0.5(8000;500;10;3) = 1112,36 TbIC. p.; Ll:0.5(8000;500;10;10) = 159,93 TbIC. p.

<llyioo:nul MOB. 3'.ra<l>YHKUHH II03BOAAeT paccqHTaTh CYMMY aMopTH3aUHH ,UJIH 3a,UaHHOfO nepwo.ua t MeTO,UOM )'MeHbIIIaIOIUerocHocTaTKa (npH 3TOM MO)l{}{O 3a,UaTb K03<t><t>wuneHT ycKopeHHOH aMOpTH3aUHH k TIO )'MO.JlllaHHIOpaBHbIH ,UB)'M):

D _ 2(c-a)k

r -

T

.

(12.62)

CwHTaKcwc MOE(CTOHMOCTh;ocTaToqHaH_CTOHMOcTh;BpeMH_3KcIIJIYaTaUHH;nepwo.u;Ko3<t><l>wuneHT).

AMopTH3aUHOHHhie ONHCJieHHH npw ncnoJib30BaHHH ,UJIH pacqeTa MeTO,Ua .UBYKPaTHOfO yqeTa aMOpTH3aUHH (T. e. Kor.ua apf)'MeHTK03$- <t>wuHeHT k= 2) IIOCTOHHHO )'MeHbIIIaIOTCHHa npornxeHHH cpoKa 3KCIIJIYaTaUHH, HOB C)'MMeOHH IIOJIHOCTbIO He B03MeIUaIOT CTOHMOCTb HMYIUeCTBa.

CYMMbI aMopTH3aUHH 3a nepBbIH H TpeTHH ro,ahI 3KCIIJIYaTaUHH rrpH pacqeTe MeTO)],OM .UBYKPaTHOfO yqeTa COOTBeTCTBeHHO COCTaBHT:

M0.5(8000;500;10;1) = 1600 TbIC. p.; M0.5(8000;500;10;3) = 1024 TbIC. p.

<l>y111rn,11J1 II,11;06. 3Ta <l>YHKUHH II03BOJIHeT HaxO,UHTb HaKOIIJieH- HYIO 3a HeCKOJihKO nepno,aoB CYMMY aMopTH3aUHOHHhIX ONHCJieHHH. IlpH 3TOM ,UJIH pacqeTa aMOpTH3aUHH 3a Ka.:.>KJJ;blH nepwo.u HCIIOJib3yeTCH MeTO,U )'MeHhIIIaIOIUerocHOCTaTKa c npHMeHeHHeM .UBYKpaTHOfO

191

IDUI KaKoro-m-160 ,D;pyroro yqern (cM. om1cam-1e <PYHKUHH M0.6). Mo:xrno TaIOKe Ja,n;aBaTh rrepexo,D; Ha paBHOMepHbIH MeTOA pacqeTa aMOPTH3all;HH, eCJIH CTOHMOCTb aMOPTH3HpyeMoro HMYiu;eCTBa BOJMemaeTCH He IIOJIHOCTblO IIPH HCIIOJlbJOBaHHH MeTO,ll;a CHIDKa10merocH OCTaTKa.

CHHTaKCHC II.LJ:0.6(11HKB_CTOHMOcTb;ocT_cToHM;BpeMH_rro11H_ aMOpT;Haq_ rrepHO,ll;;KoH_ rrepHOA;Ko3<P<PHu;HeHT;6e3_ IIepeKJIIOqeHHH).

Ec11H He Ja,n;aBaTu apryMeHThI Ko3<P<PHu;HeHT H 6eJ_rrepeKJ110qeHHH, IIPH pacqeTe aMOPTHJall;HH MO:xrno HCIIOJlb30BaTb MeTO,ll; ABYKpaTHOro yqern c rrepeXO,ll;OM Ha paBHOMepHbIH. qT06bI rrepexo,D; Ha paBHOMepHbIH MeTO,ll; He ocymecTBJIHJICH, apryMeHT 6eJ_rrepeKJ110qeHHH tty:xrnO rrpHHHTb paBHbIM e,D;HHHI..l;e H Ja,ll;aTb apryMeHT K03<P<PH-

I..l;HeHT.

CYMMbI aMopTHJau;HOHHhIX o~HcJieHHH, paccqHTaHHbie c rroMoIu;hIO <PYHKUHH AMP c rrepexo,D;oM H 6eJ rrepexo,D;a Ha paBHOMepHbIH MeTO,ll; HX yqeTa K KOHI..l;y cpoKa aMOpTHJall;HH COOTBeTCTBeHHO COCTaBHT'.

II.LJ:0.6(8000;500; 10;0; 10) = 7500 TbIC. p.;

Il.LJ:0.6(8000;500;10;0;10;2;1) =7141 TbIC. p.,

T. e. B rrepBOM CJiyqae rrpOHCXO,ll;HT IIOJIHOe BOJMemeHHe aMOpTH3all;H-

OHHOH CTOHMOCTH HMYiu;eCTBa, a BO BTOPOM - CYMMa aMOpTHJau;H- OHHbIX O~HCJieHHH K KOHI..l;y cpoKa 3KCIIJIYaTau;HH MeHbllle aMOpTHJa-

I..l;HOHHOH CTOHMOCTH HMYiu;eCTBa.

KOHTpOnbHble eonpOCbl

l. KaKOBa IIOCJIC.UOBaTeJibHOCTb .ueHCTBHH rrpH pactieTe c rrpHMeHeHHeM

MaCTepa <l>YHKUHH?

2.KaKoBO Ha3Ha'IeHHe.UHaJIOffiBblX OKOH, IIOKa3aHHbIX Ha PHC. 12.2 H 12.3?

3.Ha KaKHe .UBe KaTeropHH .ueJU1TCH MeTO.llbI <l>ttuaucoBOH MaTeMaTHKH?

4.IloHCHHTe CJIC.llYJOll.l,He IIOHHTHH, rrpHMCHHCMbie B <i>HHaHCOBbIX MCTO-

.uax pactieTa: rrpou:euT, rrpou:eHTHaH CTaBKa, rrepHO,ll; Ha'IHCJICHHH, KaIIHTaJIH3aU:HH rrpou:eHTOB, uapameuHe, .UHCKOHTHPOBaHHe.

5.KaKOBbl Cyll.l,HOCTb H Ha3Ha'IeHHe<l>HttaHCOBblX pacqeroB c npHMeHeHHeM MeTO.llOB no.u6opa napaMeTpoB?

6.OnHIIIHTe nocJie.uoBaTeJibHOCTb Bbl'IHCJieHHHc npHMeueuHeM MeTO.UOB rro.u6opa rrapaMeTpoB.

7.)J.aHTe onpe.n:eJieHHH TepMHHaM «cu:euapHH» H «cu:euapHbIH IIO.UXO.[(».

8.KaKoBa nocJie.uoBaTeJibHOCTb .ueli:cTBHH .llJIH pa3pa6oTKH cu:euapHH?

9.)].JUI KaKHX 3a.[(a'I<l>HttaHCOBOro aHaJIH3a npHMeHHIOT Ta6JIHU:bl IIO.llCTaHOBKH?

10.KaKoBa rrocJie.uoBaTeJibHOCTh .ueHCTBHH rrpH C03.UaHHH Ta6JIHU:hl rro.u- CTaHOBKH .llJUI 0.[(HOH nepeMeHHOH?

11.KaKOBa IIOCJIC.llOBaTeJibHOCTb .ueHCTBHH rrpH C03.[(aHHH Ta6JIHU:bl no.u- CTaHOBKH .llJUI .UByx rrepeMCHHbIX?

rnaea 13

TEXH0110fM~ Bbln011HEHM~ HAY4HO-MH>KEHEPHblX

PAC4ETOB B CPE,QE EXCEL

13.1. "1H>KeHepHb1e pac'leTbl

3JieICTpOHHbie Ta6m1Ubl HCnOJib3YJOTCR npH aBTOMaTH3aUHH BblnoJIHeHHR paJJIWIHhIX HIDKeHepHhIX pacqeTOB. Oco6eHHO 3<P<PeKTHBHO npHMeHeHHe Ta6m1qHoro npoueccopa Excel B coqernmm c TeKCTOBhIM pe.uaKTopoM Word. HanpHMep, npH cocTaBJieHHH TeXHWiecKHX o~eTOB HJIH MeTO,UHK pacqern KaKHX-JIH60 TeXHHqecKHX xapaKTepHCTHK H3,UeJIHR ,UJIR y1rn3aHHOH B TeKCTe pacqeTHOH <t>opM}'JiblcoCTaBJIRIOT pacqeTHYJO Ta6JIHuY B cpe.ue Excel. ,nmi: nepexo.ua H3 TeKcTa K pacqeTHOH Ta6m1ue MO)l(HO HCnOJib30BaTb TeXHOJIOfHIO rHnepCCblJIOK.

,nmi: npHMepa paCCMOTPHM <t>parMeHT MeTO,UHKH pacqeTa rnapHKOnO,UIIIHnHHKOB.

.LJ:onycTHMYJO CTaTHqecKYJO Harpy3KY onpe.ueJIRIOT no npH6JIIDKeHHhIM <t>opM}'JiaM,npHBe.ueHHhIM Ha pHc. 13.1, a.

,nmi: BbIIlOJIHeHHR pacqern no JII06o:U H3 npHBe,UeHHbIX B Ta6JIHUe Ha pHC. 13.1, a <t>opMyJI ,UOCTaTOqHo ycTaHOBHTb Ha Hee KYPCOp H w:eJIKHYTh npaBo:U KHOnKo:U MhIIIIH. B peJyJihTaTe OTKpoeTcR Ta6JIHUa Excel, c nOMOW:blO KOTOpo:U MO)l(HO BbIITOJIHHTb COOTBeTCTBYJOlllHH pacqeT. Ha pHc. 13.l, 6noKa3aHa cxeMa BhIITOJIHeHHR TaKoro pacqeTa.

TipHBe,UeHHaR cxeMa BbIIlOJIHeHHR pacqeTa MOXeT HCnOJib30BaTbCR npH perneHHH JII06bIX HIDKeHepHblX 3a,naq.

13.2. CTaTMCTM'leCKmto6pa6oTKa A8HHblX

0.UHHM H3 Ba)l(HeHIIIHX 3TanoB HayqHO-HCCJie,UOBaTeJibCKHX pa60T RBJIReTCR CTaTHCTWieCKaR o6pa60TKa npoBe,UeHHbIX 3KCnepHMeHTaJibHblX HCCJie,UOBaHHH.

3JieKTpOHHhIH npoueccop Excel co.uep)l{l.fT .uocTaToqHoe qI.fcJio <l>YHKUHH ,UJIR BbIIlOJIHeHHR TaKOH o6pa60TKH.

PaccMOTPHM npwMeHeHwe <l>YHKUHH KOPPEJI ,UJIR oueHKH KoppeJIRUHOHHOH CBR3H - pacqern K03<P<PwuweHTa KoppeJIRUHH Mex.uy HCCJie.uyeMhIMH napaMeTPaMH.

HanpHMep, TPe6yeTCR BhIRCHHTh BJIHRHHe TepMoo6pa6oTKH, KOTopaR npoBO,UHJiacb npw T= 120 °C B TeqeHHe 24 q, Ha o6paTHhIH TOK / 00P p-n-nepexo.z:i;a HHTerpaJihHhIX cxeM.

.llJIR 3KCnepHMeHTa [5] 6bIJIO BbI6paHO 25 HHTerpaJibHbIX cxeM. B Ta6JI. 13.1 npwBe,UeHbl pe3yJihTaTbI 3TOro 3KcnepwMeHTa.

193

Ta6nwua 13.1

H3MeneHHe o6pamoro Too p-n-nepexo.z.a noCJie TepMoo6pa60TKH

HoMep

100p.!lO

loop IIOCJie

HoMep

loop .!lO

100p rrocJie

repMoo6pa-

repMoo6pa-

repMoo6pa-

repMoo6pa-

11HTerpaJib-

HHTerpaJib-

60TIGI: x,

60TIGI: Y,

60TIGI: x,

60TIGI: Y,

HOH cxeMbI

HOH cxeMbI

MA

MA

MA

MA

 

 

1

68

61

14

75

71

2

71

67

15

73

70

3

65

63

16

69

68

4

78

70

17

73

73

5

75

74

18

73

69

6

85

76

19

83

76

7

86

82

20

70

73

8

84

70

21

68

70

9

74

68

22

79

69

10

65

60

23

78

71

11

78

68

24

78

71

12

92

88

25

73

69

13

60

57

-

-

-

B np1rne;::i;eHHOM npHMepe onpe;::i;eneHHe Ha.JIWIIDI Koppemni;ttoHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH npe)J;JlaraeTCH npOB0.11JITh c nOMOII.lhIO MemoiJa MeiJuaH,

OCHOBaHHOfO Ha Tpa)J;HIJ;HOHHhIX «pytIHhIX» MeTo;::i;ax o6pa60TKH CTaTUCTHqecKoro MaTepwa.rra.

CymHOCTh 3TOro MeTo;::i;a COCTOHT B CJie.1-lYJOmeM:

~ Ha OCHOBe pe3yJihTaTOB 3KCnepHMeHTa CTpOHT rpaqrnK - ;::i;warpaMMY pa36poca )J;aHHhIX no TOqKaM;

~Ha ;::i;warpaMMe npOBOMT BepTHKa.JlhHyIO H ropH30HTa.JihHyIO JIHHHH Me;::i;HaH;

~B KIDK,l1,0M H3 qeTbipex KBa;::i;paTOB, o6pa30BaBIIIHXCH B pe3yJihTaTe pa3;::i;eJieHID1 )J;HarpaMMhI, OT)J;eJibHO CKJia)J;bIBaIOT noJIO)l(HTeJibHbie

"OTpHI.J;aTeJibHbie TOqKH;

~no cneI.J;Ha.JibHOH Ta6JIHI.J;e ;::i;eJiaIOT 3aKJIIOqeHHe 0 Ha.JIWIHH KOp-

peJIHI.J;HH.

,llml onpe;::i;eJieHIDI KOppeJIHI.J;HOHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH H K03$$HU.H- eHTa KoppeAAI.J;HH c noMOII.lhIO <l>YHKUHH KOPPEJI, Heo6xo;::i;HMO BhI-

noJIHHTh CJie)J;yIOII.lHe ;::i;eHCTBIDI:

~o<t>opMHTb pe3yJihTaThI 3KCnepHMeHTa B CHCTeMe Excel, KaK CKa3aHO B Ta6JI. 13.2;

~Bhl)J;eJIHTh Hqe:UKY )J;J1H pacqern K03$$HU.HeHTa KOppeJIHI.J;HH;

195

13.3).

90

80

70

60

50

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

 

 

 

HoMep MHKpOCXeMhl

 

 

 

 

..... )1.o repMoo6pa60TKH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

--- Ilocne repMoo6pa6oTKH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Puc. 13.3. fpa<l>HKH 3aBHCHMOCTH o6pamoro TOKa p-n-nepexo.na OT TeMnepaT)'Phl

Ha OCHOBe ,n;aHHbIX Ta6JI. 13.2 MO:>KHO IlOCTpOHTb rpacpmrn: 3aBHCHMOCTH o6paTHoro TOKa p- n-nepexo)la OT TeMnepa'fYPbIHarpeaa MHKpocxeMLI (pHC.

Ilp11MeHeH11e <l>YHKIUiH KOPEJI 3HaqHTeJihHO ynpomaeT npouecc HaxO)l{,lleHIDI KOppeJUIUHOHHbIX CBH3e:H Mex,zzy HCCJie.zzyeMblMH BeJIHq11HaMH. Ilo aHaJIOJ'HlIHOH CXeMe MOryT IlpOBO.llHTbCH BbNHCJieHIDI 3HaqeHHH acex MaTeMaTffqeCKHX H CTaTHCTffqeCKHX <l>YHKUHM, BCTpOeHHblX a 3JieKTpOHHhIH npoueccop Excel.

KoHTponbHble eonpocb1

1.KaKHe MaTeMaTH'IecKHe<l>YHKUHH MO)l{}{O npHMeIDITb npu BhlIIOJIHeHHH HIDKeHepHhlX pacqeTOB B cpe.ne Excel?

2.KaKHe CTaTHCTH'IeCKHe<l>YHKUHH MO)l{}{O npHMeHHTb IIPH BblIIOJIHeHHH HayqHhlX pacqeToB B cpe.ne Excel?

LIACTb IV

CMCTEMblABTOMATMJMPOBAHHOro

nPOEKTMPOBAHM~

rnasa 14

061.l.U·1E nPMHL.U.'lnbtABTOMATM3MPOBAHHOro

nPOEKTMPOBAHM.fl

14.1. Teopen1"leCKMe OCHOBbl CMCTeM aBTOMaTM"leCKOro

npoeKTMpoeaHMfl

B mo6oM npoHJBO.UCTBe (npOMhIIIIJieHHOM, ceJibCKOX03.HMCTBeHHOM, c<t>epe ycJiyr H .up.) ocy:rn:ecrnJI.HeTc.H npoeKTHpoBaHHe pa3Horo po.ua o6neKTOB. Mx MO)l(J{O pa3,UeJIHTh Ha ,UBe rpyrrnhi: KOHCTPYKTOPCKHe H TeXHOJIOrHqecKHe.

CooTBeTCTBeHHO cttcTeMhI aBTOMaTH3HpoBaHHoro npoeKTHpoBaHH.H (CAIIP) TaIOKe no.upa3,UeJI.HIOTC.H no Ha3HaqeHHIO Ha ,UBe rpyrrnhI: CHCTeMbl aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOro npoeKTHpOBaHH.H KOHCTpYKUHH H3- ,UeJIHM c pa3pa60TKOM KOHCTPYKTOPCKOM .UOKYMeHTal.l,HH (CAIIP-K,Il,) H CHCTeMbl aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOrO npoeKTHpOBaHH.H TeXHOJIOrttqeCKHX npou,eccoB c pa3pa60TKOM TeXHOJIOrHqecKOM ,UOKyMeHTal.l,HH (CAIIP-TII). HecMoTp.H Ha pa3JIHqHe o6'beKTOB npoeKTHpoBaHH.H CAIIP-K,Il, H CAIIP-TII pa3BHBaIOTC.H no o6mHM npHHU,HnaM, TaK KaK, BO-nepBbIX, OTHOC.HTC.H K KaTeropHH «60JibIIIHX CHCTeM», a BOBTOpbIX, .HBJI.HIOTCH CHCTeMaMH «npHH.HTH.H peIIIeHHM».

IlpHHa,UJie)l(J{OCTh CAIIP K 6oJihIIIHM cttcTeMaM [2] o6ycJIOBJIHBaeTcH CJie.uyIOil.l,HMH npH3HaKaMH:

CB.H3bl0 c pa3pa60TKOM TeXHlfqeCKHX peIIIeHHM, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha pa3JilfqHbIX MeTo.uax <PYHKl.l,HOHHpOBaHH.H H H3roTOBJieHH.H H3,UeJIHM;

yqacTHeM B npou,ecce npoeKTHpOBaHH.H cneU,HaJIHCTOB MHOrHX cneU,HaJibHOCTett;

HaJilfqHeM cJio:xrnoro annaparnoro H nporpaMMHom o6ecneqeHHH.

B o6meM cJiyqae JII06a.H cttcTeMa onpe.ueJI.HeTc.H B BH,Ue HeKoToporo OTHOIIIeHH.H MHO:>KeCTB (pHC. 14.1). Ha pHCyttKe o603HaqeHbI: c - CHCTeMa;

_B_xo_.u_x_.___c_:_x_~_Y__.IB=o• ~

y -

MHO:>KeCTBO BbIXO,UOB CHCTeMbl.

 

x -

MHO:>KeCTBO BXO,UOB CHCTeMbI;

 

CttcTeMY C cqHTaIOT pe1IIa10meH.,

 

ecJIH Ja,UaHo ceMettcTBO Ja,Uaq D(X)

PMc. 14.1. CxeMa CMcTeMhI

c MHO:>KeCTBOM peIIIeHHM Z( Y) H

npMIDITM.H perneHMH

npaBHJiaMH R(X, Y) oT06pa:>KeHHH

198

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